Social dimensions of climate-induced flooding in Jakarta (Indonesia): The role of non-point source pollution.

IF 2.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Christia Meidiana, Hui Hwang Goh, Dongdong Zhang, Meihui Jiang, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Abdelkader Anouzla, Faissal Aziz, Mohamed Mahmoud, Muhammad Imran Khan, Imran Ali, Md Munir Hayet Khan, Kai Chen Goh
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Because of its low-lying location, urbanization, and inadequate infrastructure, Jakarta (Indonesia) has experienced an increase in annual flooding events, rising from an average of five significant floods per year in the 1990s to over 20 annually (2010-2020). With climate change exacerbating extreme weather events, Jakarta encounters escalating risks of flooding. Although the recurrent flooding is exacerbated by non-point source (NPS) of pollution such as urban runoff and agricultural discharge that contribute to 40% of total pollutants leading to flood-related issues in Jakarta, none has investigated this research gap. To reflect its novelty, this work explores the implications of climate change on the annual flooding in Jakarta by focusing on NPS and analyzes their impacts from social perspectives. This work also underscores the implications of flooding on livelihoods, health, and social cohesion in Jakarta. Focus group discussion with affected residents was used to shed light on the coping strategies employed in response to recurrent floods, ranging from community-based initiatives to reliance on informal networks. The empirical findings show that the implications of flooding extend beyond physical damages. Displacement of communities, loss of livelihoods, disruption of essential services, and increased health risks are among the social impacts experienced by local residents. Vulnerable populations, including low-income communities residing in informal settlements, bear their consequences. Economic losses from flooding amount to USD 500 million annually, impacting over 1 million residents. However, recent interventions have led to a 15% reduction in peak flood levels and a 20% reduction in flood duration in affected areas. Community resilience has also improved, with a 25% increase in flood insurance coverage and a 20% rise in community response initiatives. Overall, this study highlights that climate change exacerbates annual flooding in Jakarta, significantly impacting vulnerable communities through NPS pollution. Addressing the challenges requires integrated approaches combining effective pollution control, resilient infrastructure, and community engagement to mitigate social and long-term environmental impacts. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Climate-induced flooding disproportionately affects vulnerable communities in Jakarta. Non-point source pollution from urban runoff contributes to the severity of flooding in Jakarta. Waterborne diseases, disruption of livelihoods, and reduced access to clean water are major concerns identified in the study. The study highlights the importance of community-based adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of flooding and pollution.

雅加达(印度尼西亚)气候引发洪水的社会层面:非点源污染的作用。
由于地势低洼、城市化和基础设施不足,雅加达(印度尼西亚)每年发生的洪水事件越来越多,从 20 世纪 90 年代的平均每年五次大洪水上升到每年 20 多次(2010-2020 年)。随着气候变化加剧极端天气事件,雅加达面临的洪水风险也在不断上升。城市径流和农业排放等非点污染源(NPS)占导致雅加达洪水相关问题的污染物总量的 40%,虽然非点污染源加剧了洪水的反复发生,但目前还没有人对这一研究空白进行调查。为体现其新颖性,本研究通过关注 NPS 探索气候变化对雅加达每年洪水的影响,并从社会角度分析其影响。这项工作还强调了洪水对雅加达的生计、健康和社会凝聚力的影响。通过与受灾居民进行焦点小组讨论,了解了他们为应对经常性洪灾而采取的应对策略,包括以社区为基础的举措和对非正式网络的依赖。实证研究结果表明,洪灾的影响超出了物质损失的范围。社区流离失所、生计丧失、基本服务中断、健康风险增加,这些都是当地居民遭受的社会影响。包括居住在非正规居住区的低收入社区在内的弱势群体承受着这些后果。洪灾造成的经济损失每年高达 5 亿美元,影响 100 多万居民。不过,最近的干预措施已使受灾地区的洪峰水位降低了 15%,洪水持续时间缩短了 20%。社区的抗灾能力也有所提高,洪水保险覆盖率增加了 25%,社区应对措施增加了 20%。总之,本研究强调,气候变化加剧了雅加达的年度洪涝灾害,通过核动力源污染对脆弱社区造成了严重影响。应对这些挑战需要采取综合方法,将有效的污染控制、弹性基础设施和社区参与结合起来,以减轻对社会和长期环境的影响。实践者观点:气候引起的洪水对雅加达的弱势社区造成了极大的影响。城市径流造成的非点源污染加剧了雅加达洪灾的严重程度。研究发现,水传播疾病、生计受到破坏以及获得清洁水的机会减少是主要问题。该研究强调了以社区为基础的适应战略对于减轻洪水和污染影响的重要性。
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来源期刊
Water Environment Research
Water Environment Research 环境科学-工程:环境
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
138
审稿时长
11 months
期刊介绍: Published since 1928, Water Environment Research (WER) is an international multidisciplinary water resource management journal for the dissemination of fundamental and applied research in all scientific and technical areas related to water quality and resource recovery. WER''s goal is to foster communication and interdisciplinary research between water sciences and related fields such as environmental toxicology, agriculture, public and occupational health, microbiology, and ecology. In addition to original research articles, short communications, case studies, reviews, and perspectives are encouraged.
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