{"title":"Covid-19 and its effect on formal employment in Mexico: Are there signs of recovery?","authors":"Oscar A. Martínez-Martínez, Javier Reyes-Martínez","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12355","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The conditions of the Mexican labor market during the Covid-19 pandemic went through different stages. The government first declared a quarantine that lasted for several months, the effects of which continue to be quantified. In that sense, this article answers two questions, (1) what are the changes in labor formality rates before and 2 years after the Covid-19 pandemic began in Mexico?; and (2) are there differences in economic sectors and between genders? We use the methodology proposed by Chacaltana and McMillan to measure the variation in the labor formality rate in its two components, (1) intrasectoral; and (2) intersectoral, through 9 quarterly editions of the National Occupation and Employment Survey. The results show that in the first 2 years of the pandemic and especially during the time of confinement, labor informality was not a means to maintain household income, as had happened in other economic crises. Likewise, important sectoral effects were found, with the most affected industries being nonessential ones. Finally, gender gaps widened, with women being the most affected in the formal and informal labor market due to pre-existing conditions that were aggravated by the pandemic.</p><p>新冠肺炎大流行期间,墨西哥劳动力市场的状况经历了不同阶段。政府首先宣布了为期数月的隔离,其影响仍在量化中。从这个意义上讲,本文回答了两个问题:(1)墨西哥的新冠肺炎大流行开始前和两年后,劳动正规化率有何变化?(2)不同经济部门和不同性别在这方面是否存在差异?我们使用Chacaltana和McMillan提出的方法,通过九个季度的全国职业和就业调查,衡量了劳动正规化率在其两个组成部分(即部门内和部门间)中的差异。结果表明,在大流行爆发后的前两年(尤其是在封锁期间),与其他经济危机中发生的不一样的是,劳动非正规性并不是维持家庭收入的一种手段。同样,还发现了重要的部门影响,其中受影响最严重的行业是非必要行业。最后,由于大流行加剧了既有状况,女性在正规和非正规劳动力市场中受到的影响最大,性别差距进一步扩大。</p><p>Las condiciones del mercado laboral mexicano pasaron por diferentes etapas durante la pandemia del Covid-19. El gobierno declaró primero una cuarentena que duró varios meses, cuyos efectos aún se siguen cuantificando. En ese sentido, este artículo responde dos preguntas, (1) ¿cuáles son los cambios en las tasas de formalidad laboral en México antes de la pandemia y dos años después de su inicio?; y (2) ¿Existen diferencias por sectores económicos y género? Para responder estas preguntas, utilizamos la metodología propuesta por Chacaltana y McMillan para medir la variación de la tasa de formalidad laboral en sus dos componentes, (1) intrasectorial; y (2) intersectorial, a través de nueve ediciones trimestrales de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo. Los resultados muestran que en los dos primeros años de la pandemia y especialmente durante el tiempo de confinamiento, la informalidad laboral no fue un medio para mantener los ingresos de los hogares, como había sucedido en otras crisis económicas. Asimismo, se encontraron importantes efectos sectoriales, donde los más afectados fueron los considerados no esenciales por parte del gobierno. Finalmente, las brechas de género se ampliaron, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas en el mercado laboral formal e informal debido a condiciones preexistentes que se vieron agravadas por la pandemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 3","pages":"460-485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Latin American Policy","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lamp.12355","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"POLITICAL SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The conditions of the Mexican labor market during the Covid-19 pandemic went through different stages. The government first declared a quarantine that lasted for several months, the effects of which continue to be quantified. In that sense, this article answers two questions, (1) what are the changes in labor formality rates before and 2 years after the Covid-19 pandemic began in Mexico?; and (2) are there differences in economic sectors and between genders? We use the methodology proposed by Chacaltana and McMillan to measure the variation in the labor formality rate in its two components, (1) intrasectoral; and (2) intersectoral, through 9 quarterly editions of the National Occupation and Employment Survey. The results show that in the first 2 years of the pandemic and especially during the time of confinement, labor informality was not a means to maintain household income, as had happened in other economic crises. Likewise, important sectoral effects were found, with the most affected industries being nonessential ones. Finally, gender gaps widened, with women being the most affected in the formal and informal labor market due to pre-existing conditions that were aggravated by the pandemic.
Las condiciones del mercado laboral mexicano pasaron por diferentes etapas durante la pandemia del Covid-19. El gobierno declaró primero una cuarentena que duró varios meses, cuyos efectos aún se siguen cuantificando. En ese sentido, este artículo responde dos preguntas, (1) ¿cuáles son los cambios en las tasas de formalidad laboral en México antes de la pandemia y dos años después de su inicio?; y (2) ¿Existen diferencias por sectores económicos y género? Para responder estas preguntas, utilizamos la metodología propuesta por Chacaltana y McMillan para medir la variación de la tasa de formalidad laboral en sus dos componentes, (1) intrasectorial; y (2) intersectorial, a través de nueve ediciones trimestrales de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo. Los resultados muestran que en los dos primeros años de la pandemia y especialmente durante el tiempo de confinamiento, la informalidad laboral no fue un medio para mantener los ingresos de los hogares, como había sucedido en otras crisis económicas. Asimismo, se encontraron importantes efectos sectoriales, donde los más afectados fueron los considerados no esenciales por parte del gobierno. Finalmente, las brechas de género se ampliaron, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas en el mercado laboral formal e informal debido a condiciones preexistentes que se vieron agravadas por la pandemia.
期刊介绍:
Latin American Policy (LAP): A Journal of Politics and Governance in a Changing Region, a collaboration of the Policy Studies Organization and the Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Santa Fe Campus, published its first issue in mid-2010. LAP’s primary focus is intended to be in the policy arena, and will focus on any issue or field involving authority and polities (although not necessarily clustered on governments), agency (either governmental or from the civil society, or both), and the pursuit/achievement of specific (or anticipated) outcomes. We invite authors to focus on any crosscutting issue situated in the interface between the policy and political domain concerning or affecting any Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) country or group of countries. This journal will remain open to multidisciplinary approaches dealing with policy issues and the political contexts in which they take place.