Extracellular vesicles-based theranostics for neurodegenerative diseases

Han Zhao, Ling Zhu, Chen Wang, Yanlian Yang
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Abstract

With the accelerated aging of the global population, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is increasing year by year. Because of the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the low concentration of the biomarkers in peripheral blood and the low penetration rate of the drugs through BBB into brain hinders the development of diagnosis and treatment of NDDs. As an effective mediator to penetrate through BBB in both directions, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted much attention in the early diagnosis and treatment of NDDs because of their superior performance as drug carriers and detection biomarkers. Brain-derived EVs in body fluids contain disease-related biomolecules can be used as early diagnostic biomarkers for NDDs. In addition, as one of the subpopulations of EVs, exosomes, especially stem cell-derived exosomes, have great potential in the treatment of NDDs. The ability to cross the BBB, together with the feasibility of versatile functionalization of EV for NDDs pathogen targeting facilitate EVs a potential tool for targeted drug delivery systems for NDDs. In this review, the important role of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of NDDs and the current research progress will be discussed.

Abstract Image

基于细胞外囊泡的治疗神经退行性疾病的疗法
随着全球人口老龄化的加速,神经退行性疾病(NDDs)的发病率逐年上升。由于血脑屏障(BBB)的存在,生物标志物在外周血中的浓度较低,药物通过 BBB 进入大脑的渗透率也较低,这阻碍了神经退行性疾病诊断和治疗的发展。细胞外囊泡(EVs)作为一种能双向穿透 BBB 的有效介质,因其作为药物载体和检测生物标志物的优越性能,在非传染性疾病的早期诊断和治疗中备受关注。体液中的脑源性EVs含有与疾病相关的生物大分子,可作为NDDs的早期诊断生物标记物。此外,作为EVs的亚群之一,外泌体,尤其是干细胞衍生的外泌体,在治疗NDDs方面具有巨大潜力。外泌体具有穿越生物BB的能力,而且可以针对NDDs病原体靶向对外泌体进行多种功能化处理,这些都使外泌体成为治疗NDDs的靶向给药系统的潜在工具。本综述将讨论 EVs 在 NDDs 诊断和治疗中的重要作用以及目前的研究进展。
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