The genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Non-typhoidal Salmonella in humans and food animals in Northern India

Abstract

Introduction

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are the leading global cause of gastroenteritis and have established reservoirs in food animals.

Gap statement

Due to a lack of surveillance, there is limited information on the distribution of NTS serovars in India.

Aim

Here, we investigated the epidemiology, sequence types, serovar distribution, phylogenetic relatedness, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of NTS in humans and animals across a large geographic area in Northern India.

Methodology

We collected stool samples from patients with diarrhea who presented to 14 laboratories in Chandigarh and from five states in India (Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan). We sequenced the genomes and analyzed 117 NTS organisms isolated from humans and animals. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were estimated using a Vitek2 system.

Results

The prevalence of NTS in participants presenting to our study with diarrhea was 1.28 %, affecting all age groups. All NTS caused moderate to severe diarrhea. We found a high diversity of serovars with considerable serovar and sequence types (STs) overlap and phylogenetic closeness between isolates from human infections and food animals. We report serovars such as S. Agona, S. Bareilly, S. Kentucky, S. Saintpaul, and S. Virchow, causing human infections from north India for the first time. Among the different food-producing animals, pigs appeared to be a key source of human infections. Twenty-eight percent (28 %) of the NTS isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR), and human isolates showed a higher proportion of resistance. A higher level of contamination of meat samples in our study (8.4 %) potentially suggests a close association of NTS serovars with the food chain and high transmission risk in north India.

Conclusions

This study provides information on AMR genes and plasmid replicons associated with different serovars and highlights the role of food animals in AMR dissemination in our region.