Comparative analysis of sport-related concussion: how do 8- to 12-year-old athletes differ from 13- to 17-year-old athletes?

Abstract

OBJECTIVE Despite the growing literature on sport-related concussion (SRC) in high school and collegiate athletes, the understanding of how outcomes can vary in child athletes younger than 12 years of age remains limited. Therefore, the authors sought to compare injury characteristics and recovery in 8- to 12-year-old athletes with those of 13- to 17-year-old athletes following SRC. METHODS A single-institution retrospective cohort study was undertaken including 8- to 12-year-old and 13- to 17-year-old athletes seen at a regional SRC between November 2017 and January 2022. Demographic information, injury characteristics, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) scores, and recovery (i.e., return to learn [RTL], symptom resolution, and return to play [RTP]) were compared between 8- to 12-year-old and 13- to 17-year-old athletes using the Mann-Whitney U-test and chi-square test. RESULTS A total of 147 athletes (8- to 12-year-old athletes: n = 49; 13- to 17-year-old athletes: n = 98) were included. The mean ages for the younger and older groups were 10.9 ± 0.9 and 15.7 ± 1.3 years, respectively. Athletes aged 8-12 years and 13-17 years had similar median times to initial healthcare presentation (1 vs 2 days, p = 0.37). Athletes aged 8-12 years were more likely to present to the emergency department (ED) (44.9% vs 25.5%, p = 0.02) and receive head imaging (36.7% vs 19.4%, p = 0.02). Initial PCSS scores were similar between the groups (21.5 vs 22.0, p = 0.99). Athletes aged 8-12 years took longer to RTL (median 6.0 [IQR 4.0-13.0] days vs median 4.0 [IQR 2.0-8.0] days, p = 0.04). However, time to symptom resolution (median 16.0 [IQR 7.0-42.0] days vs median 13.5 [IQR 6.3-22.5] days, p = 0.34) and RTP (median 22.5 [IQR 10.0-54.8] days vs median 15.0 [IQR 10.0-24.0] days, p = 0.17) were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Comparing 8- to 12-year-old with 13- to 17-year-old concussed athletes, the authors found that the initial PCSS score did not differ, although the younger group was more likely to present to the ED and receive head imaging. The 8- to 12-year-old athletes took more time to RTL, although no differences were found in time to symptom resolution or RTP.