One-dimensional Z2 lattice gauge theory in periodic Gauss-law sectors

Abstract

We calculate the properties of a one-dimensional $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory in different Gauss-law sectors, corresponding to different configurations of static charges, set by the orientations of the gauge spins. Importantly, in quantum simulator experiments these sectors can be accessed without adding any additional physical particles or changing the Hamiltonian: the Gauss-law sectors are simply set by the initial conditions. We study the interplay between conservation laws and interactions when the static charges are chosen to form periodic patterns. We classify the different Gauss-law sectors and use the density matrix renormalization group to calculate the ground-state compressibility, density profiles, charge-density-wave order parameters, and single-particle correlation functions as a function of matter density. We find confined and deconfined phases, charge density waves, correlated insulators, and supersolids.