Influence of Pesticide Application Method, Timing, and Rate on Contamination of Nectar with Systemic and Nonsystemic Pesticides

IF 3.6 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI:10.1002/etc.5989

Vanesa Rostán, Patrick C. Wilson, Sandra B. Wilson, Edzard van Santen

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Abstract

Exposure to pesticides is one potential factor contributing to the recent loss of pollinators and pollinator diversity. Few studies have specifically focused on the relationship between pesticide management during ornamental plant production and contamination of nectar. We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia ‘Indigo Spires’ (Salvia longispicata M. Martens & Galeotti × S. farinacea Benth.) associated with applications of the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam, and the nonsystemic fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin. Applications were made at the labeled rates for the commercially available products, and we compared the influence of application method (drench vs. spray), timing (relative to flowering), and rate (low vs. high) for each pesticide. Nectar was sampled using 50-µL microcapillary tubes and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicate that concentrations from the spray application resulted in the least contamination of nectar with the systemic thiamethoxam, with lower concentrations occurring when thiamethoxam was applied before blooming at the lowest rate. Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were detected in nectar in all treatments (regardless of the method, timing, or rate of application), and ranged from 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 1720.0 ± 80.9 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate). Residues of clothianidin in nectar ranged from below quantification limits (spray-applied before blooming, low rate) to 81.2 ± 4.6 ng/mL (drench-applied after blooming, high rate). Drench applications resulted in the highest levels of nectar contamination with thiamethoxam, and exceeded published median lethal concentrations (LC50s/median lethal doses for native bees and/or honeybees in all cases). Spray treatments resulted in nectar concentrations exceeding published LC50s for some bee species. In comparison, all nonsystemic treatments resulted in concentrations much lower than the published no-observable-effect doses and sublethal toxicity values, indicating low risks of toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2616–2627. © 2024 SETAC

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施用农药的方法、时间和比例对系统和非系统农药污染花蜜的影响

接触杀虫剂是导致近来授粉者和授粉者多样性丧失的一个潜在因素。很少有研究专门关注观赏植物生产过程中的农药管理与花蜜污染之间的关系。我们评估了丹参'Indigo Spires'（Salvia longispicata M. Martens & Galeotti × S. farinacea Benth.）的花蜜污染与系统性杀虫剂噻虫嗪以及非系统性杀菌剂啶虫脒和吡唑醚菌酯的施用有关。我们比较了每种杀虫剂的施用方法（淋洗与喷洒）、施用时间（相对于开花期）和施用量（低施用量与高施用量）的影响。我们使用 50 微升的微毛细管对花蜜进行采样，并采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行分析。结果表明，喷洒浓度导致花蜜受到系统性噻虫嗪污染的程度最低，而在开花前以最低施药量施用噻虫嗪时浓度较低。所有处理的花蜜中都检测到了噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫嗪（不考虑施用方法、时间或施用量），其浓度范围为 3.6 ± 0.5 纳克/毫升（开花前喷施，低施用量）至 1720.0 ± 80.9 纳克/毫升（开花后淋施，高施用量）。花蜜中的噻菌胺残留量从低于定量限（开花前喷施，低施药率）到 81.2 ± 4.6 纳克/毫升（开花后沟施，高施药率）不等。噻虫嗪淋洗处理导致的花蜜污染水平最高，超过了已公布的致死浓度中值（所有情况下本地蜜蜂和/或蜜蜂的半数致死浓度/致死剂量中值）。喷洒处理导致某些蜂种的花蜜浓度超过了已公布的半数致死浓度。相比之下，所有非系统处理导致的浓度都远远低于已公布的无观测效应剂量和亚致死毒性值，表明毒性风险较低。环境毒物化学 2024;001:1-12。© 2024 SETAC

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来源期刊

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

9.80%

发文量

265

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) publishes two journals: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ET&C) and Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is dedicated to furthering scientific knowledge and disseminating information on environmental toxicology and chemistry, including the application of these sciences to risk assessment.[...] Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is interdisciplinary in scope and integrates the fields of environmental toxicology; environmental, analytical, and molecular chemistry; ecology; physiology; biochemistry; microbiology; genetics; genomics; environmental engineering; chemical, environmental, and biological modeling; epidemiology; and earth sciences. ET&C seeks to publish papers describing original experimental or theoretical work that significantly advances understanding in the area of environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry and hazard/risk assessment. Emphasis is given to papers that enhance capabilities for the prediction, measurement, and assessment of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment, rather than simply providing additional data. The scientific impact of papers is judged in terms of the breadth and depth of the findings and the expected influence on existing or future scientific practice. Methodological papers must make clear not only how the work differs from existing practice, but the significance of these differences to the field. Site-based research or monitoring must have regional or global implications beyond the particular site, such as evaluating processes, mechanisms, or theory under a natural environmental setting.