{"title":"The effect of dynamic cross-links and mesogenic groups on the swelling and collapse of polymer gels","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.giant.2024.100341","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The polymer gels containing dynamic cross-links and mesogenic groups are among the key candidates for the development of soft actuators and detectors, displays, sensors and other programmable and self-healing materials. In this article, firstly, the collapse of polymer networks with irreversible cross-links in the presence of a dynamic cross-linker is investigated by means of Flory-type theory. It is shown that, at not a very poor solvent quality (near the theta-conditions), the swelling ratio for a gel containing irreversible and dynamic cross-links is less than for a gel with irreversible cross-links only, whereas at poor or good solvent qualities sizes of these gels are close to each other. The number of dynamic cross-links monotonically increases with worsening the solvent quality. The gel contraction can be also achieved by increasing the dynamic cross-linker concentration, which allows one to change the transition point in a wide range of solvent conditions. Secondly, polymer networks containing irreversible and dynamic cross-links and incorporating mesogenic side groups is studied using the Maier–Saupe theory. With decreasing in the temperature, the continuous transition from a swollen to collapsed state occurs. With further increase in the temperature, the swelling ratio discontinuously decreases and the nematic order parameter sharply increases from zero to a value close to one. By increasing the dynamic cross-linker concentration, the swelling-to-collapse transition and, then, the isotropic-nematic transition are observed. A phase diagram of the gel is constructed and, depending on the dynamic cross-linker concentration and temperature, the swollen gel with the zero nematic order parameter, the collapsed gel with the zero nematic order parameter, and the collapsed gel with the nematic ordering can be formed. A growth of the length of the mesogenic side group leads to an increase in the area of existence of the collapsed gel with the nematic ordering in the phase diagram. The obtained theoretical results are in agreement with corresponding experimental data from the literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34151,"journal":{"name":"GIANT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266654252400105X/pdfft?md5=3f12b4db5dbdfa4da62fa4ae992677ca&pid=1-s2.0-S266654252400105X-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"GIANT","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266654252400105X","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The polymer gels containing dynamic cross-links and mesogenic groups are among the key candidates for the development of soft actuators and detectors, displays, sensors and other programmable and self-healing materials. In this article, firstly, the collapse of polymer networks with irreversible cross-links in the presence of a dynamic cross-linker is investigated by means of Flory-type theory. It is shown that, at not a very poor solvent quality (near the theta-conditions), the swelling ratio for a gel containing irreversible and dynamic cross-links is less than for a gel with irreversible cross-links only, whereas at poor or good solvent qualities sizes of these gels are close to each other. The number of dynamic cross-links monotonically increases with worsening the solvent quality. The gel contraction can be also achieved by increasing the dynamic cross-linker concentration, which allows one to change the transition point in a wide range of solvent conditions. Secondly, polymer networks containing irreversible and dynamic cross-links and incorporating mesogenic side groups is studied using the Maier–Saupe theory. With decreasing in the temperature, the continuous transition from a swollen to collapsed state occurs. With further increase in the temperature, the swelling ratio discontinuously decreases and the nematic order parameter sharply increases from zero to a value close to one. By increasing the dynamic cross-linker concentration, the swelling-to-collapse transition and, then, the isotropic-nematic transition are observed. A phase diagram of the gel is constructed and, depending on the dynamic cross-linker concentration and temperature, the swollen gel with the zero nematic order parameter, the collapsed gel with the zero nematic order parameter, and the collapsed gel with the nematic ordering can be formed. A growth of the length of the mesogenic side group leads to an increase in the area of existence of the collapsed gel with the nematic ordering in the phase diagram. The obtained theoretical results are in agreement with corresponding experimental data from the literature.
期刊介绍:
Giant is an interdisciplinary title focusing on fundamental and applied macromolecular science spanning all chemistry, physics, biology, and materials aspects of the field in the broadest sense. Key areas covered include macromolecular chemistry, supramolecular assembly, multiscale and multifunctional materials, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, biophysics, biomimetics and surface science. Core topics range from developments in synthesis, characterisation and assembly towards creating uniformly sized precision macromolecules with tailored properties, to the design and assembly of nanostructured materials in multiple dimensions, and further to the study of smart or living designer materials with tuneable multiscale properties.