The 2 stages of cartridge primer toolmark production and the implied impact of cartridge manufacturing tolerances

IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL
Mike Williams, Katie Addinall, Liam Blunt
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Abstract

Many methods of ballistic toolmark comparison rely upon comparison using 2D greyscale imaging. However, newly emerging analysis methods such as areal surface analysis now utilise an extra dimension of measurement allowing the surface heights/depths of unique toolmark features to be recorded in a densely populated (x,y,z) array for a 3D/areal quantitative comparative analysis. Due to this step change, the colloquialism in referring to the crater produced at the centre of the primer during firing as a “firing pin impression” has become a misnomer, leading some to believe that this toolmark is produced via a single process, where the critical variable is the condition of the firing pin. Furthermore, current forensic ballistic methodology relies on the microscopic differences between individual fired bullets and cartridge cases produced as a result of the manufacturing process of a particular firearm, in this case “matched toolmarks” confirm a ballistic match to a specific firearm. However, very rarely is it considered that the ammunition itself possesses minute differences produced during manufacture that could affect the ballistic match efficacy. This study examines the discharge process of conventional centrefire ammunition and concludes that the unique toolmarks upon the cartridge primer are definitively produced in two defined stages. This conclusion suggests that the factory loading and quality control tolerances of the cartridge itself should now be considered to be a more significant contributing factor to the production of cartridge primer toolmarks than has previously been accepted.

子弹底火工具印生产的两个阶段以及子弹制造公差的隐含影响
许多弹道工具印对比方法都依赖于使用二维灰度成像进行对比。然而,新出现的分析方法(如等值表面分析)现在利用了额外的测量维度,允许在密集的(x,y,z)阵列中记录独特工具印特征的表面高度/深度,以进行三维/真实的定量比较分析。由于这一步骤的变化,将发射过程中在底火中心产生的凹坑称为 "撞针印 "的俗称已变得名不副实,导致一些人认为这种工具印是通过单一过程产生的,其中的关键变量是撞针的状态。此外,目前的法医弹道学方法依赖于特定枪支制造过程中产生的单个发射子弹和弹壳之间的微观差异,在这种情况下,"匹配的工具印记 "可确认与特定枪支的弹道匹配。然而,很少有人考虑到弹药本身在制造过程中产生的微小差异会影响弹道匹配效果。本研究对传统中膛弹药的出膛过程进行了研究,得出的结论是:弹底上的独特工具印记是在两个确定的阶段产生的。这一结论表明,现在应将弹壳本身的出厂装载和质量控制公差视为产生弹壳底火工具印的一个更重要的促成因素。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Forensic science international
Forensic science international 医学-医学:法
CiteScore
5.00
自引率
9.10%
发文量
285
审稿时长
49 days
期刊介绍: Forensic Science International is the flagship journal in the prestigious Forensic Science International family, publishing the most innovative, cutting-edge, and influential contributions across the forensic sciences. Fields include: forensic pathology and histochemistry, chemistry, biochemistry and toxicology, biology, serology, odontology, psychiatry, anthropology, digital forensics, the physical sciences, firearms, and document examination, as well as investigations of value to public health in its broadest sense, and the important marginal area where science and medicine interact with the law. The journal publishes: Case Reports Commentaries Letters to the Editor Original Research Papers (Regular Papers) Rapid Communications Review Articles Technical Notes.
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