Sustainable synthesis of iron oxide nanopigments: Enhancing pigment quality through combined air oxidation and cavitation techniques

Abstract

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of iron oxide pigments through various methods, including air oxidation, co-precipitation, and hydrodynamic cavitation. The infrared (IR) spectral analysis revealed key functional groups and metal-oxide bonds indicative of goethite, with bands associated with O–H stretching and Fe–O vibrations. The study also explores how different conditions, such as temperature, pH, and reactant ratios, affect the color, yield, and particle size of the pigments produced. Through batch and continuous synthesis processes, it was found that cavitation offers a more controlled particle size distribution compared to other methods. The experiments highlight the influence of parameters like temperature, pH, and NaOH concentration on the final pigment properties, with optimized conditions yielding high-quality pigments. The comparison of synthetic methods demonstrates the trade-offs in terms of reaction complexity, particle size control, and yield, emphasizing the potential of hydrodynamic cavitation for efficient and scalable pigment production. The study concludes by summarizing the versatile reactions of FeSO4 and NaOH in producing various iron oxide and oxyhydroxide materials, which are valuable in industrial and environmental applications.