{"title":"Wearable Device with High Thermoelectric Performance and Long-Lasting Usability Based on Gel-Thermocells for Body Heat Harvesting","authors":"Yuhang Jia, Shengming Zhang, Jing Li, Zhiliang Han, Dong Zhang, Xiangyang Qu, Zhuotong Wu, Huaping Wang, Shiyan Chen","doi":"10.1002/smll.202401427","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing the thermogalvanic effect, flexible thermoelectric materials present a compelling avenue for converting heat into electricity, especially in the context of wearable electronics. However, prolonged usage is hampered by the limitation imposed on the thermoelectric device's operational time due to the evaporation of moisture. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a promising solution for low-moisture gel fabrication. In this study, a bacterial cellulose (BC)/polyacrylic acid (PAA)/guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) gel is synthesized by incorporating BC into the DES. High-performance n-type and p-type thermocells (TECs) are developed by introducing Fe(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2/3</sub> and K<sub>3/4</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>, respectively. BC enhances the mechanical properties through the construction of an interpenetrating network structure. The coordination of carboxyl groups on PAA with Fe<sup>3+</sup> and the crystallization induced by Gdm<sup>+</sup> with [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>4−</sup> remarkably improve the thermoelectric performance, achieving a Seebeck coefficient (<i>S</i>) of 2.4 mV K<sup>−1</sup> and ion conductivity (<i>σ</i>) of 1.4 S m<sup>−1</sup> for the n-type TEC, and ‒2.8 mV K<sup>−1</sup> and 1.9 S m<sup>−1</sup> for the p-type TEC. A flexible wearable thermoelectric device is fabricated with a <i>S</i> of 82 mV K<sup>−1</sup> and it maintains a stable output over one month. This research broadens the application scope of DESs in the thermoelectric field and offers promising strategies for long-lasting wearable energy solutions.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Small","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202401427","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Utilizing the thermogalvanic effect, flexible thermoelectric materials present a compelling avenue for converting heat into electricity, especially in the context of wearable electronics. However, prolonged usage is hampered by the limitation imposed on the thermoelectric device's operational time due to the evaporation of moisture. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a promising solution for low-moisture gel fabrication. In this study, a bacterial cellulose (BC)/polyacrylic acid (PAA)/guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) gel is synthesized by incorporating BC into the DES. High-performance n-type and p-type thermocells (TECs) are developed by introducing Fe(ClO4)2/3 and K3/4Fe(CN)6, respectively. BC enhances the mechanical properties through the construction of an interpenetrating network structure. The coordination of carboxyl groups on PAA with Fe3+ and the crystallization induced by Gdm+ with [Fe(CN)6]4− remarkably improve the thermoelectric performance, achieving a Seebeck coefficient (S) of 2.4 mV K−1 and ion conductivity (σ) of 1.4 S m−1 for the n-type TEC, and ‒2.8 mV K−1 and 1.9 S m−1 for the p-type TEC. A flexible wearable thermoelectric device is fabricated with a S of 82 mV K−1 and it maintains a stable output over one month. This research broadens the application scope of DESs in the thermoelectric field and offers promising strategies for long-lasting wearable energy solutions.
期刊介绍:
Small serves as an exceptional platform for both experimental and theoretical studies in fundamental and applied interdisciplinary research at the nano- and microscale. The journal offers a compelling mix of peer-reviewed Research Articles, Reviews, Perspectives, and Comments.
With a remarkable 2022 Journal Impact Factor of 13.3 (Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate Analytics, 2023), Small remains among the top multidisciplinary journals, covering a wide range of topics at the interface of materials science, chemistry, physics, engineering, medicine, and biology.
Small's readership includes biochemists, biologists, biomedical scientists, chemists, engineers, information technologists, materials scientists, physicists, and theoreticians alike.