Research and correction for over-response phenomenon when using inorganic scintillator optical fiber X-ray sensor to measure off-axis ratio (OAR)

Abstract

Optical fiber X-ray sensors have the potential to realize real-time dose monitoring of precision radiotherapy. However, an over-response phenomenon can occur when using an optical fiber sensor (OFXS) filled with inorganic scintillator (Gd₂O₂S:Tb) to measure the off-axis ratio (OAR) curve. The aim of this paper is to study the mechanism responsible for the over-response. Due to the complex particle distribution present in water phantoms, the Monte Carlo-based code GEANT4 was used to model the response of the scintillator. The energy response of the scintillator to photons and electrons was initially simulated, which subsequently allowed the OAR curve to be simulated and the results were compared with experiment. To analyze the energy distribution of particles in different positions, electron spectroscopy was simulated together with the photon spectrum at the position from the central axis to a distance of 14.5 cm away from the center. Finally, three metal (Al, Cu, Sn) caps were made for the OFXS to prevent the low-energy photons penetrating the OFXS, and the OARs measurements were repeated. The results show that the scintillator exhibits higher sensitivity to photons with energy below 0.5 MeV, while for electrons, the scintillator has a higher sensitivity to high-energy electrons. Simulations for electron spectroscopy and the photon spectrum show that there are many low-energy photons with relatively few low-energy electrons. The OARs measured using the OFXS with metal caps show that the over-response can be mitigated using a high-Z metal cap. The measurements demonstrate that the OAR cure measured using an OFXS fitted with a Sn cap exhibits the closest response to that measured using an IC.