Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria flourish at dark water-ice interfaces of an emerged Arctic cold seep.

Lisa-Marie Delpech,Alexander T Tveit,Andrew J Hodson,Kevin P Hand,Dimitri Kalenitchenko
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Abstract

Below their ice shells, icy moons may offer a source of chemical energy that could support microbial life in the absence of light. In the Arctic, past and present glacial retreat leads to isostatic uplift of sediments through which cold and methane-saturated groundwater travels. This fluid reaches the surface and freezes as hill-shaped icings during winter, producing dark ice-water interfaces above water ponds containing chemical energy sources. In one such system characterized by elevated methane concentrations - the Lagoon Pingo in Adventdalen, Svalbard (~10 mg/L CH4, <0.3 mg/L O2, -0.25°C, pH 7.9), we studied amplicons of the bacterial and archaeal (microbial) 16S rRNA gene and transcripts in the water pond and overlaying ice. We show that active chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms (Sulfurimonas, Thiomicrorhabdus) dominated a niche at the bottom of the ice in contact with the anoxic water reservoir. There, the growing ice offers surfaces interfacing with water, and hosts favorable physico-chemical conditions for sulfide oxidation. Detection of anaerobic methanotrophs further suggests that the ice led to a steady-state dark and cold methane sink under the ice throughout winter, in two steps: first methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and sulfates concomitantly reduced to sulfides by the activity of ANME-1a and SEEP-SRB1 consortia, in a second time energy from sulfides is used by sulfur- oxidizing microorganisms to fix carbon dioxide into organic carbon. Our results underline ice- covered and dark ecosystems as a hitherto overlooked oasis of microbial life and emphasize the need to study microbial communities in icy habitats.
化学自养型细菌在新出现的北极冷渗漏的暗水冰界面上大量繁殖。
冰卫星的冰壳下可能蕴藏着化学能,可以在没有光的情况下支持微生物生命。在北极地区,过去和现在的冰川退缩导致沉积物等静力抬升,寒冷和甲烷饱和的地下水流经这些沉积物。这些流体到达地表后,在冬季冻结成山丘状的冰层,在含有化学能源的水塘上方形成黑暗的冰水界面。在这样一个以甲烷浓度升高为特征的系统中--斯瓦尔巴群岛 Adventdalen 的 Lagoon Pingo(约 10 mg/L CH4,<0.3 mg/L O2,-0.25°C,pH 值 7.9),我们研究了水塘和覆冰中细菌和古生物(微生物)16S rRNA 基因的扩增子和转录本。我们发现,活跃的化石自养型硫氧化微生物(Sulfurimonas、Thiomicrorhabdus)在与缺氧水池接触的冰层底部占据了一席之地。在那里,生长的冰提供了与水接触的表面,并为硫化物氧化提供了有利的物理化学条件。厌氧甲烷营养体的检测进一步表明,整个冬季,冰层导致了冰下稳态黑暗和寒冷的甲烷汇,分为两个步骤:首先,甲烷被氧化成二氧化碳,硫酸盐在 ANME-1a 和 SEEP-SRB1 复合体的作用下同时还原成硫化物;其次,硫化物的能量被硫氧化微生物利用,将二氧化碳固定为有机碳。我们的研究结果突出表明,冰雪覆盖的黑暗生态系统是迄今为止被忽视的微生物生命绿洲,并强调了研究冰雪栖息地微生物群落的必要性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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