Early, robust mucosal secretory IgA but not IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 spike in oral fluid is associated with faster viral clearance and COVID-19 symptom resolution.

Abstract

Background High priority efforts are underway to support the development of novel mucosal COVID-19 vaccines, such as the US Government’s Project NextGen and the Center for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations’ goal to respond to the next pandemic with a new vaccine in 100 days. However, there is limited consensus about the complementary role of mucosal immunity in disease progression and how to evaluate immunogenicity of mucosal vaccines. This study investigated the role of oral mucosal antibody responses in viral clearance and COVID-19 symptom duration. Methods Participants with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection provided oral fluid for testing with SARS-CoV-2 antibody multiplex assays, nasal swabs for RT-PCR and symptom information at up to eight follow-ups from April 2020 to February 2022. Results High and moderate oral fluid anti-spike (S) secretory IgA (SIgA) post infection was associated with significantly faster viral clearance and symptom resolution across age groups with effect sizes equivalent to having COVID-19 vaccine immunity at the time of infection. Those with high and moderate anti-S SIgA cleared the virus 14 days (95% CI: 10-18) and recovered 9-10 days (95% CI: 6-14) earlier. Delayed and higher anti-S IgG was associated with significantly longer time to clearance and recovery. Experiencing symptoms longer than four weeks was associated with lower anti-RBD SIgA 15-30 days after infection onset (p<0.001). Conclusion Robust mucosal SIgA early post infection appears to support faster clearance of SARS-CoV-2 and recovery from COVID-19 symptoms. This research underscores the importance of harmonizing mucosal immune response assays to evaluate new mucosal vaccines.