{"title":"Biaxially stretchable metamaterial absorber with a four-dimensional printed shape-memory actuator","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.109729","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among the various methods for strain sensing, the metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) stand out due to their dual capabilities. Specifically, MMAs facilitate the wireless detection of deformations in the target and operate independently of any external power source. However, conventional research has a limitation in that stretchable strain sensors are unable to deform themselves autonomously, which puts constraints on being efficiently utilised in special environments where human intervention is difficult. Herein, we propose a wireless, power-independent, biaxial strain sensor equipped with self-shape and frequency recovery capability that addresses the limitations of existing wireless strain sensors through the unprecedented integration of a 4D-printed shape memory actuator and a biaxially stretchable MMA. The novel integration with the shape memory actuator enables the stretchable MMA to autonomously recover to its original shape and absorption frequency after being heated to 70 °C for a few minutes. This smart functionality enables the resulting wireless strain sensor based on the proposed idea to revert to the original state when sensing a new target without requiring human intervention. The highly sensitive biaxial sensing capability is as follows. When stretched horizontally from 0 % to 30 %, the absorption frequency of the proposed biaxially stretchable MMA demonstrates a linear change from 9.75 GHz to 7.94 GHz, exhibiting a high sensitivity of 4.3 × 10^7 Hz/%. Similarly, when stretched vertically from 0 % to 30 %, the absorption frequency linearly changes from 7.35 GHz to 6.01 GHz, indicating a sensitivity of 5.9 × 10^7 Hz/%. Accordingly, the wireless biaxial sensing capability of the proposed stretchable MMA, as well as its shape-recovery functionality facilitated by the 4D-printed actuator are highly effective for remote strain measurement in environments where direct human involvement is impractical.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740324007707","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Among the various methods for strain sensing, the metamaterial absorbers (MMAs) stand out due to their dual capabilities. Specifically, MMAs facilitate the wireless detection of deformations in the target and operate independently of any external power source. However, conventional research has a limitation in that stretchable strain sensors are unable to deform themselves autonomously, which puts constraints on being efficiently utilised in special environments where human intervention is difficult. Herein, we propose a wireless, power-independent, biaxial strain sensor equipped with self-shape and frequency recovery capability that addresses the limitations of existing wireless strain sensors through the unprecedented integration of a 4D-printed shape memory actuator and a biaxially stretchable MMA. The novel integration with the shape memory actuator enables the stretchable MMA to autonomously recover to its original shape and absorption frequency after being heated to 70 °C for a few minutes. This smart functionality enables the resulting wireless strain sensor based on the proposed idea to revert to the original state when sensing a new target without requiring human intervention. The highly sensitive biaxial sensing capability is as follows. When stretched horizontally from 0 % to 30 %, the absorption frequency of the proposed biaxially stretchable MMA demonstrates a linear change from 9.75 GHz to 7.94 GHz, exhibiting a high sensitivity of 4.3 × 10^7 Hz/%. Similarly, when stretched vertically from 0 % to 30 %, the absorption frequency linearly changes from 7.35 GHz to 6.01 GHz, indicating a sensitivity of 5.9 × 10^7 Hz/%. Accordingly, the wireless biaxial sensing capability of the proposed stretchable MMA, as well as its shape-recovery functionality facilitated by the 4D-printed actuator are highly effective for remote strain measurement in environments where direct human involvement is impractical.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of Mechanical Sciences (IJMS) serves as a global platform for the publication and dissemination of original research that contributes to a deeper scientific understanding of the fundamental disciplines within mechanical, civil, and material engineering.
The primary focus of IJMS is to showcase innovative and ground-breaking work that utilizes analytical and computational modeling techniques, such as Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM), and mesh-free methods, among others. These modeling methods are applied to diverse fields including rigid-body mechanics (e.g., dynamics, vibration, stability), structural mechanics, metal forming, advanced materials (e.g., metals, composites, cellular, smart) behavior and applications, impact mechanics, strain localization, and other nonlinear effects (e.g., large deflections, plasticity, fracture).
Additionally, IJMS covers the realms of fluid mechanics (both external and internal flows), tribology, thermodynamics, and materials processing. These subjects collectively form the core of the journal's content.
In summary, IJMS provides a prestigious platform for researchers to present their original contributions, shedding light on analytical and computational modeling methods in various areas of mechanical engineering, as well as exploring the behavior and application of advanced materials, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and materials processing.