A direct comparison of the radial growth response to drought of European and Oriental beech

Abstract

Climate change-related extreme drought events already have a significant impact on the productivity and mortality of Central European forests. European beech (Fagus sylvatica ssp. sylvatica), one of the most important European broadleaved species, has responded to such drought periods with increasing mortality and reduced volume increment. This has raised concerns about its suitability and adaptive capacity in relation to future climatic conditions and motivated the search for alternative tree species that are suitable for assisted migration into European beech forests. One of the candidates is the Oriental beech species complex (F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis), whose range extends from the Balkan to Iran and, at least in some parts of its range, grows under a warmer and drier climate. In order to evaluate whether Oriental beech is more drought tolerant, we compared the radial growth response to droughts between 1920 and 2018 of a total of 138 European and 122 Oriental beeches growing under identical site conditions in eight different locations in Germany and France. The species identity of all analysed trees was verified by microsatellite analyses, and the origin of the introduced Oriental beech was traced to the Greater Caucasus (7 stands) and the Black Sea coast (1 stand). The drought responses of radial growth were quantified using the indices resistance, resilience, and recovery as suggested by Lloret et al. (2011) and growth recovery time (GRT) (Thurm et al., 2016) and used as response variables in generalized linear mixed effect models.

Considering only the average radial growth response to severe and extreme drought events, both the different Lloret indices and the GRT did not show prominent difference between Oriental and European beech. However, the mixed model analyses, which also included interaction terms, revealed interspecific differences in drought tolerance, depending on the intensity and timing of the drought. In extreme summer drought years, values of resistance predicted by the mixed-effect models were significantly higher in Oriental beech than in European beech, whereas its resilience was only slightly better than in European beech, regardless of drought intensities. In contrast, Oriental beech was much more susceptible to spring drought with significantly weaker growth recovery and distinctly longer growth recovery times.

Based on these results, Oriental beech provenances from the Caucasus do not appear to be sufficiently more drought tolerant than European beech to justify an assisted migration approach to adapt Central European forests to climate change. To analyse the drought tolerance of Oriental beech more comprehensively, introduced trees representing other genetic clusters need to be analysed, as well as the effects of repeated drought events on growth and mortality.