158 Probiotics in silage production

IF 2.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE
Luiz Gustavo Nussio
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Probiotics may improve ruminal and/or intestinal conditions and according to FAO/WHO, 2002 which states “mono or mixed strains of living microorganisms which confer desirable health benefits on the host when used adequately”. It should be nonpathogenic, able to give a viable cell count, has a positive effect on the health of the host, and enhance the functions of the intestinal tract. The most commonly used probiotics are from Lentilactobacillus genus formerly quoted as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifido bacterium spp., Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Escherichia coli bacteria, and other probiotic fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics may benefit farm animals by improving feed efficiency, body weight gain, milk yield and immune response. In silages, the major claim is regarding the microbiome, coming either from the wild original microbial population endophytic and epiphytic or mainly from silage microbial additives. After silage fermentation, microbiome is largely changed towards less diversity of viable species of bacteria, yeasts and fungi and many different compounds resulted from the substrate undergone through the metabolic pathways. The survival of the original/added microbiome throughout the silage fermentation still remains as a key question and results are largely influenced across trials. Only recently, the use of next-generation sequencing and PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing technology offered high-throughput and enabled the discovery of a vast majority of microbiota and relative abundances of various microbes in the community to the genus and species precision. The addition of microbial additives during ensiling not only has shown positive effects on silage quality by altering the bacterial community but also changed microbiome and metabolites in the digestive tract of ruminants. Moreover, undisputably metabolites in the rumen were correlated with the bacterial communities. The lactic acid bacteria inoculants in silage production might be beneficial for animal performance and health by influencing the bacterial community and metabolites in the digestive tract of ruminants. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may increase intake and digestibility. The positive effects on digestibility are related to degrading feruloyl ester linkages and modifying the matrix structure of forage lignocellulose based on the feruloyl esterase-producing Lactobacillus (Lactiplantibacillus) plantarum. LAB can also act as antimicrobial agents by producing bacteriocins or organic compounds harmful to microbial membranes such as 3-phenyllactic acid. The enhancement of the antioxidant capacity to mitigate oxidative stress in ruminants fed silages was also linked to the free ferulic acid. Some biofunctional metabolites, such as bacteriostatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory compounds, and neurotransmitters have been detected in silage too. More precise research tools and targeting the right parameters related to health and metabolism are allowing us to assure the probiotic effects of silages but we still need more deep learning.
158 青贮饲料生产中的益生菌
益生菌可改善瘤胃和/或肠道状况,根据粮农组织/世卫组织 2002 年的规定,益生菌是 "单株或混合的活微生物,适当使用可为宿主带来理想的健康益处"。益生菌应该是非致病性的,能够提供有活力的细胞数,对宿主的健康有积极影响,并能增强肠道功能。最常用的益生菌来自扁豆乳杆菌属,以前称为嗜酸乳杆菌、乳酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、螺旋乳杆菌、唾液乳杆菌、双歧杆菌属、粪肠球菌、粪肠球菌、嗜热链球菌、大肠杆菌以及其他益生真菌,如布拉氏酵母菌和布拉氏酵母菌。益生菌可提高饲料效率、体重增加、产奶量和免疫反应,从而使农场动物受益。在青贮饲料中,主要是关于微生物群的说法,这些微生物群要么来自野生的原始微生物群,要么来自内生和附生微生物群,要么主要来自青贮饲料微生物添加剂。青贮发酵后,微生物群在很大程度上发生了变化,可存活的细菌、酵母菌和真菌种类减少,通过新陈代谢途径产生的底物产生了许多不同的化合物。在整个青贮发酵过程中,原始/添加的微生物群能否存活仍然是一个关键问题,其结果在很大程度上受各种试验的影响。直到最近,下一代测序技术和 PacBio 单分子实时测序技术的使用才提供了高通量,并发现了群落中的绝大多数微生物群以及各种微生物的相对丰度(精确到属、种)。在青贮过程中添加微生物添加剂不仅能通过改变细菌群落对青贮质量产生积极影响,还能改变反刍动物消化道中的微生物群落和代谢物。此外,瘤胃中的代谢物无疑与细菌群落有关。青贮饲料生产中的乳酸菌接种剂可能会影响反刍动物消化道中的细菌群落和代谢物,从而有利于动物的生产性能和健康。乳酸菌(LAB)可提高采食量和消化率。乳酸菌对消化率的积极影响与降解阿魏酰酯连接和改变牧草木质纤维素的基质结构有关,其基础是产生阿魏酰酯的植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus)。LAB 还能产生细菌素或对微生物膜有害的有机化合物(如 3-苯基乳酸),从而起到抗菌剂的作用。饲喂青贮饲料的反刍动物减轻氧化应激的抗氧化能力的增强也与游离阿魏酸有关。在青贮饲料中还检测到一些生物功能代谢物,如抑菌、抗氧化、抗炎化合物和神经递质。更精确的研究工具以及针对与健康和新陈代谢相关的正确参数,使我们能够确保青贮饲料的益生菌效果,但我们仍需要更深入的学习。
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来源期刊
Journal of animal science
Journal of animal science 农林科学-奶制品与动物科学
CiteScore
4.80
自引率
12.10%
发文量
1589
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Animal Science (JAS) is the premier journal for animal science and serves as the leading source of new knowledge and perspective in this area. JAS publishes more than 500 fully reviewed research articles, invited reviews, technical notes, and letters to the editor each year. Articles published in JAS encompass a broad range of research topics in animal production and fundamental aspects of genetics, nutrition, physiology, and preparation and utilization of animal products. Articles typically report research with beef cattle, companion animals, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep; however, studies involving other farm animals, aquatic and wildlife species, and laboratory animal species that address fundamental questions related to livestock and companion animal biology will be considered for publication.
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