Coupled models of water and carbon cycles from leaf to global: A retrospective and a prospective

IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY
Ying-Ping Wang , Lu Zhang , Xu Liang , Wenping Yuan
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Abstract

Our understanding of water and carbon cycles and their coupling has advanced significantly over the last six decades. In this review, we will examine the progress made since the 1960s and explore how key developments in the studies of water and carbon cycles on land have influenced the way we model these two cycles from leaf to global scales. We will particularly focus on the Penman-Monteith equation for calculating evapotranspiration, the biochemical model of leaf photosynthesis, and the model of stomatal conductance.

These three models developed over three decades ago have been widely adopted in the studies of water and carbon cycle from leaf to global scales. The success of these models lie in their sound representation of the basic biophysical and biochemical processes with relative simplicity. Their wide adoption was also assisted by the rapid development of portable leaf gas exchange instruments and field deployment of eddy covariance techniques, which provide the data for estimating the key model parameters and for model evaluation and improvement.

Over the last two decades, rapid advances in remote sensing, global eddy flux networks, and computation have led to a rapid growth of different approaches for estimating water and carbon fluxes. This review compares the simulated global gross primary production, evapotranspiration and ecosystem water use efficiency and their trends using these different approaches, and finds that significant progress has been made in understanding their spatial patterns, interannual variations and trends. However, significant divergences remain among them.

Looking ahead, we identify several key areas where significant progress is likely, particularly through the applications of machine learning and ecological forecasting. We also anticipate the development of new theories by integrating theoretical understanding with increasing observations from ground and space.

从叶片到全球的水循环和碳循环耦合模型:回顾与展望
过去六十年来,我们对水和碳循环及其耦合关系的认识有了长足的进步。在这篇综述中,我们将回顾自 20 世纪 60 年代以来所取得的进展,并探讨陆地水循环和碳循环研究的主要发展如何影响了我们从叶片到全球尺度对这两个循环进行建模的方式。我们将特别关注用于计算蒸散量的彭曼-蒙蒂斯方程、叶片光合作用的生化模型和气孔导度模型。这三个模型是三十多年前开发的,现已被广泛应用于从叶片到全球尺度的水循环和碳循环研究中。这些模型的成功之处在于以相对简单的方式合理地表达了基本的生物物理和生物化学过程。便携式叶气体交换仪器的快速发展和涡度协方差技术的实地应用也为这些模型的广泛应用提供了帮助,它们为估算模型的关键参数以及评估和改进模型提供了数据。本综述比较了利用这些不同方法模拟的全球总初级生产量、蒸散量和生态系统水利用效率及其趋势,发现在了解其空间模式、年际变化和趋势方面取得了重大进展。展望未来,我们确定了几个可能取得重大进展的关键领域,特别是通过应用机器学习和生态预测。我们还预计,通过将理论认识与不断增加的地面和太空观测相结合,新理论将得到发展。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
10.30
自引率
9.70%
发文量
415
审稿时长
69 days
期刊介绍: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology is an international journal for the publication of original articles and reviews on the inter-relationship between meteorology, agriculture, forestry, and natural ecosystems. Emphasis is on basic and applied scientific research relevant to practical problems in the field of plant and soil sciences, ecology and biogeochemistry as affected by weather as well as climate variability and change. Theoretical models should be tested against experimental data. Articles must appeal to an international audience. Special issues devoted to single topics are also published. Typical topics include canopy micrometeorology (e.g. canopy radiation transfer, turbulence near the ground, evapotranspiration, energy balance, fluxes of trace gases), micrometeorological instrumentation (e.g., sensors for trace gases, flux measurement instruments, radiation measurement techniques), aerobiology (e.g. the dispersion of pollen, spores, insects and pesticides), biometeorology (e.g. the effect of weather and climate on plant distribution, crop yield, water-use efficiency, and plant phenology), forest-fire/weather interactions, and feedbacks from vegetation to weather and the climate system.
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