Electrochemical Riboflavin Detection Using 2D Nanoflake–Like CuO Nanostructure Modified Electrodes

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures are valued for their ultrathin planar surface and high charge carrier mobility, which offer enhanced sensing capabilities. Herein, we synthesised 2D nanoflake–like copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures using a hydrothermal method for electrochemical riboflavin sensor fabrication. Electrochemical analysis of nanoflake–like CuO modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was analysed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was used for testing the electrochemical sensing performance of the fabricated riboflavin sensor. The designed sensor detected riboflavin in concentrations ranging from 10 to 1250 nM with a high sensitivity (571.8 μA/μM cm²) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.5 nM. The sensor’s excellent electrocatalytic activity towards riboflavin is primarily attributed to the unique CuO nanoflake–like morphology that provides a high surface area. Furthermore, sensors showed excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, essential attributes for precise riboflavin detection and long-term usage. Overall, the electrochemical sensor based on nanoflake–like CuO nanostructures represents a promising platform for sensitive riboflavin detection. An easy synthesis of 2D nanoflake–like CuO nanostructures provides the possibility of future potential applications of these nanomaterials in analytical chemistry domains such as biomedical diagnostics, food analysis, and environmental monitoring.