Evaluation of a novel attapulgite loaded sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron for immobilization of Pb in sediment: Performance, microenvironmental response, and mechanisms

Abstract

In recent years, industrial activities involving electroplating and mining have caused Pb to enter rivers and become over-enriched in sediments, posing a potential risk to aquatic organisms. Given this, in this study, attapulgite loaded sulfidized nZVI (S-nZVI@ATP) was prepared by sulfidized modification and ATP loading and applied for the first time to the remediation of Pb contaminated sediments. The immobilization effect and mechanism of S-nZVI@ATP on Pb contaminated sediments were comprehensively investigated, as well as the changes in the microenvironment during the remediation process were assessed. Characterization analysis revealed that S-nZVI was uniformly loaded on the surface of ATP, and the characteristic functional groups of ATP, such as Al/Mg-OH and Si-O, were successfully loaded. Incubation experiments demonstrated that S-nZVI@ATP significantly reduced the availability and leaching toxicity of sediment Pb with immobilization efficiencies as high as 94.08% and 73.15%, respectively (), meanwhile, it facilitated the conversion of acid soluble Pb to the residue state. This phenomenon suggested that S-nZVI@ATP displayed excellent performance in immobilizing Pb. The increase of sediment pH and the decrease of Eh were beneficial to the immobilization of Pb. The addition of S-nZVI@ATP changed the structure and composition of the sediment bacterial community, with , , and being the dominant phyla. Except for sucrase, urease and catalase activities were increased by 1.23 and 2.48 times, respectively. Correlation analysis highlighted the importance of pH, Eh, phylum, and phylum in sediment Pb immobilization. Post-reaction material characterization indicated that the main mechanisms of S-nZVI@ATP for sediment Pb immobilization were adsorption, complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, reduction and precipitation.