Absence of biofilm adhesin proteins changes surface attachment and cell strategy for Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough

Abstract

Ubiquitous in nature, biofilms provide stability in a fluctuating environment and provide protection from stressors. Biofilms formed in industrial processes are exceedingly problematic and costly. While biofilms of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the environment are often beneficial because of their capacity to remove toxic metals from water, in industrial pipelines, these biofilms cause a major economic impact due to their involvement in metal and concrete corrosion. The mechanisms by which biofilms of sulfate-reducing bacteria form, however, is not well understood. Our previous work identified two proteins, named by their gene loci DVU1012 and DVU1545, as adhesins in the model sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. Both proteins are localized to the cell surface and the presence of at least one of the proteins, with either being sufficient, is necessary for biofilm formation to occur. In this study, differences in cell attachment and early biofilm formation in single deletion mutants of these adhesins were identified. Cells lacking DVU1012 had a different attachment strategy from wild-type and ΔDVU1545 cells, more often attaching as single cells than aggregates, which indicated that DVU1012 was more important for cell-to-cell attachment. ΔDVU1545 cells had increased cell attachment compared to wild-type cells when grown in static cultures. To date, comparisons of the D. vulgaris Hildenborough have been made to the large adhesion protein (Lap) system in environmental pseudomonads. Yet, we and others have shown distinct mechanistic differences in the systems. We propose to name these proteins in D. vulgaris Hildenborough biofilm formation system (Bfs) to facilitate comparisons.