DarkSide-20k Collaboration, :, F. Acerbi, P. Adhikari, P. Agnes, I. Ahmad, S. Albergo, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. K. Alton, P. Amaudruz, M. Angiolilli, E. Aprile, R. Ardito, M. Atzori Corona, D. J. Auty, M. Ave, I. C. Avetisov, O. Azzolini, H. O. Back, Z. Balmforth, A. Barrado Olmedo, P. Barrillon, G. Batignani, P. Bhowmick, S. Blua, V. Bocci, W. Bonivento, B. Bottino, M. G. Boulay, A. Buchowicz, S. Bussino, J. Busto, M. Cadeddu, M. Cadoni, R. Calabrese, V. Camillo, A. Caminata, N. Canci, A. Capra, M. Caravati, M. Cárdenas-Montes, N. Cargioli, M. Carlini, A. Castellani, P. Castello, P. Cavalcante, S. Cebrian, J. Cela Ruiz, S. Chashin, A. Chepurnov, L. Cifarelli, D. Cintas, M. Citterio, B. Cleveland, Y. Coadou, V. Cocco, D. Colaiuda, E. Conde Vilda, L. Consiglio, B. S. Costa, M. Czubak, M. D'Aniello, S. D'Auria, M. D. Da Rocha Rolo, G. Darbo, S. Davini, S. De Cecco, G. De Guido, G. Dellacasa, A. V. Derbin, A. Devoto, F. Di Capua, A. Di Ludovico, L. Di Noto, P. Di Stefano, L. K. Dias, D. Díaz Mairena, X. Ding, C. Dionisi, G. Dolganov, F. Dordei, V. Dronik, A. Elersich, E. Ellingwood, T. Erjavec, M. Fernandez Diaz, A. Ficorella, G. Fiorillo, P. Franchini, D. Franco, H. Frandini Gatti, E. Frolov, F. Gabriele, D. Gahan, C. Galbiati, G. Galiński, G. Gallina, G. Gallus, M. Garbini, P. Garcia Abia, A. Gawdzik, A. Gendotti, A. Ghisi, G. K. Giovanetti, V. Goicoechea Casanueva, A. Gola, L. Grandi, G. Grauso, G. Grilli di Cortona, A. Grobov, M. Gromov, M. Guerzoni, M. Gulino, C. Guo, B. R. Hackett, A. Hallin, A. Hamer, M. Haranczyk, B. Harrop, T. Hessel, S. Hill, S. Horikawa, J. Hu, F. Hubaut, J. Hucker, T. Hugues, E. V. Hungerford, A. Ianni, V. Ippolito, A. Jamil, C. Jillings, S. Jois, P. Kachru, R. Keloth, N. Kemmerich, A. Kemp, C. L. Kendziora, M. Kimura, A. Kish, K. Kondo, G. Korga, L. Kotsiopoulou, S. Koulosousas, A. Kubankin, P. Kunzé, M. Kuss, M. Kuźniak, M. Kuzwa, M. La Commara, M. Lai, E. Le Guirriec, E. Leason, A. Leoni, L. Lidey, M. Lissia, L. Luzzi, O. Lychagina, O. Macfadyen, I. N. Machulin, S. Manecki, I. Manthos, L. Mapelli, A. Marasciulli, S. M. Mari, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, M. Martinez, C. J. Martoff, G. Matteucci, K. Mavrokoridis, A. B. McDonald, J. Mclaughlin, S. Merzi, A. Messina, R. Milincic, S. Minutoli, A. Mitra, A. Moharana, S. Moioli, J. Monroe, E. Moretti, M. Morrocchi, T. Mroz, V. N. Muratova, M. Murphy, M. Murra, C. Muscas, P. Musico, R. Nania, M. Nessi, G. Nieradka, K. Nikolopoulos, E. Nikoloudaki, J. Nowak, K. Olchanski, A. Oleinik, V. Oleynikov, P. Organtini, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, M. Pallavicini, L. Pandola, E. Pantic, E. Paoloni, D. Papi, G. Pastuszak, G. Paternoster, A. Peck, P. A. Pegoraro, K. Pelczar, L. A. Pellegrini, R. Perez, F. Perotti, V. Pesudo, S. I. Piacentini, N. Pino, G. Plante, A. Pocar, M. Poehlmann, S. Pordes, P. Pralavorio, D. Price, S. Puglia, M. Queiroga Bazetto, F. Ragusa, Y. Ramachers, A. Ramirez, S. Ravinthiran, M. Razeti, A. L. Renshaw, M. Rescigno, F. Retiere, L. P. Rignanese, A. Rivetti, A. Roberts, C. Roberts, G. Rogers, L. Romero, M. Rossi, A. Rubbia, D. Rudik, M. Sabia, P. Salomone, O. Samoylov, E. Sandford, S. Sanfilippo, D. Santone, R. Santorelli, E. M. Santos, C. Savarese, E. Scapparone, G. Schillaci, F. G. Schuckman II, G. Scioli, D. A. Semenov, V. Shalamova, A. Sheshukov, M. Simeone, P. Skensved, M. D. Skorokhvatov, O. Smirnov, T. Smirnova, B. Smith, A. Sotnikov, F. Spadoni, M. Spangenberg, R. Stefanizzi, A. Steri, V. Stornelli, S. Stracka, S. Sulis, A. Sung, C. Sunny, Y. Suvorov, A. M. Szelc, O. Taborda, R. Tartaglia, A. Taylor, J. Taylor, S. Tedesco, G. Testera, K. Thieme, A. Thompson, T. N. Thorpe, A. Tonazzo, S. Torres-Lara, A. Tricomi, E. V. Unzhakov, T. J. Vallivilayil, M. Van Uffelen, L. Velazquez-Fernandez, T. Viant, S. Viel, A. Vishneva, R. B. Vogelaar, J. Vossebeld, B. Vyas, M. Wada, M. B. Walczak, H. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Westerdale, L. Williams, R. Wojaczyński, M. Wojcik, M. M. Wojcik, T. Wright, X. Xiao, Y. Xie, C. Yang, J. Yin, A. Zabihi, P. Zakhary, A. Zani, Y. Zhang, T. Zhu, A. Zichichi, G. Zuzel, M. P. Zykova
{"title":"Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k","authors":"DarkSide-20k Collaboration, :, F. Acerbi, P. Adhikari, P. Agnes, I. Ahmad, S. Albergo, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. K. Alton, P. Amaudruz, M. Angiolilli, E. Aprile, R. Ardito, M. Atzori Corona, D. J. Auty, M. Ave, I. C. Avetisov, O. Azzolini, H. O. Back, Z. Balmforth, A. Barrado Olmedo, P. Barrillon, G. Batignani, P. Bhowmick, S. Blua, V. Bocci, W. Bonivento, B. Bottino, M. G. Boulay, A. Buchowicz, S. Bussino, J. Busto, M. Cadeddu, M. Cadoni, R. Calabrese, V. Camillo, A. Caminata, N. Canci, A. Capra, M. Caravati, M. Cárdenas-Montes, N. Cargioli, M. Carlini, A. Castellani, P. Castello, P. Cavalcante, S. Cebrian, J. Cela Ruiz, S. Chashin, A. Chepurnov, L. Cifarelli, D. Cintas, M. Citterio, B. Cleveland, Y. Coadou, V. Cocco, D. Colaiuda, E. Conde Vilda, L. Consiglio, B. S. Costa, M. Czubak, M. D'Aniello, S. D'Auria, M. D. Da Rocha Rolo, G. Darbo, S. Davini, S. De Cecco, G. De Guido, G. Dellacasa, A. V. Derbin, A. Devoto, F. Di Capua, A. Di Ludovico, L. Di Noto, P. Di Stefano, L. K. Dias, D. Díaz Mairena, X. Ding, C. Dionisi, G. Dolganov, F. Dordei, V. Dronik, A. Elersich, E. Ellingwood, T. Erjavec, M. Fernandez Diaz, A. Ficorella, G. Fiorillo, P. Franchini, D. Franco, H. Frandini Gatti, E. Frolov, F. Gabriele, D. Gahan, C. Galbiati, G. Galiński, G. Gallina, G. Gallus, M. Garbini, P. Garcia Abia, A. Gawdzik, A. Gendotti, A. Ghisi, G. K. Giovanetti, V. Goicoechea Casanueva, A. Gola, L. Grandi, G. Grauso, G. Grilli di Cortona, A. Grobov, M. Gromov, M. Guerzoni, M. Gulino, C. Guo, B. R. Hackett, A. Hallin, A. Hamer, M. Haranczyk, B. Harrop, T. Hessel, S. Hill, S. Horikawa, J. Hu, F. Hubaut, J. Hucker, T. Hugues, E. V. Hungerford, A. Ianni, V. Ippolito, A. Jamil, C. Jillings, S. Jois, P. Kachru, R. Keloth, N. Kemmerich, A. Kemp, C. L. Kendziora, M. Kimura, A. Kish, K. Kondo, G. Korga, L. Kotsiopoulou, S. Koulosousas, A. Kubankin, P. Kunzé, M. Kuss, M. Kuźniak, M. Kuzwa, M. La Commara, M. Lai, E. Le Guirriec, E. Leason, A. Leoni, L. Lidey, M. Lissia, L. Luzzi, O. Lychagina, O. Macfadyen, I. N. Machulin, S. Manecki, I. Manthos, L. Mapelli, A. Marasciulli, S. M. Mari, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, M. Martinez, C. J. Martoff, G. Matteucci, K. Mavrokoridis, A. B. McDonald, J. Mclaughlin, S. Merzi, A. Messina, R. Milincic, S. Minutoli, A. Mitra, A. Moharana, S. Moioli, J. Monroe, E. Moretti, M. Morrocchi, T. Mroz, V. N. Muratova, M. Murphy, M. Murra, C. Muscas, P. Musico, R. Nania, M. Nessi, G. Nieradka, K. Nikolopoulos, E. Nikoloudaki, J. Nowak, K. Olchanski, A. Oleinik, V. Oleynikov, P. Organtini, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, M. Pallavicini, L. Pandola, E. Pantic, E. Paoloni, D. Papi, G. Pastuszak, G. Paternoster, A. Peck, P. A. Pegoraro, K. Pelczar, L. A. Pellegrini, R. Perez, F. Perotti, V. Pesudo, S. I. Piacentini, N. Pino, G. Plante, A. Pocar, M. Poehlmann, S. Pordes, P. Pralavorio, D. Price, S. Puglia, M. Queiroga Bazetto, F. Ragusa, Y. Ramachers, A. Ramirez, S. Ravinthiran, M. Razeti, A. L. Renshaw, M. Rescigno, F. Retiere, L. P. Rignanese, A. Rivetti, A. Roberts, C. Roberts, G. Rogers, L. Romero, M. Rossi, A. Rubbia, D. Rudik, M. Sabia, P. Salomone, O. Samoylov, E. Sandford, S. Sanfilippo, D. Santone, R. Santorelli, E. M. Santos, C. Savarese, E. Scapparone, G. Schillaci, F. G. Schuckman II, G. Scioli, D. A. Semenov, V. Shalamova, A. Sheshukov, M. Simeone, P. Skensved, M. D. Skorokhvatov, O. Smirnov, T. Smirnova, B. Smith, A. Sotnikov, F. Spadoni, M. Spangenberg, R. Stefanizzi, A. Steri, V. Stornelli, S. Stracka, S. Sulis, A. Sung, C. Sunny, Y. Suvorov, A. M. Szelc, O. Taborda, R. Tartaglia, A. Taylor, J. Taylor, S. Tedesco, G. Testera, K. Thieme, A. Thompson, T. N. Thorpe, A. Tonazzo, S. Torres-Lara, A. Tricomi, E. V. Unzhakov, T. J. Vallivilayil, M. Van Uffelen, L. Velazquez-Fernandez, T. Viant, S. Viel, A. Vishneva, R. B. Vogelaar, J. Vossebeld, B. Vyas, M. Wada, M. B. Walczak, H. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Westerdale, L. Williams, R. Wojaczyński, M. Wojcik, M. M. Wojcik, T. Wright, X. Xiao, Y. Xie, C. Yang, J. Yin, A. Zabihi, P. Zakhary, A. Zani, Y. Zhang, T. Zhu, A. Zichichi, G. Zuzel, M. P. Zykova","doi":"arxiv-2408.14071","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experiment under\nconstruction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. It\nutilises ~100 t of low radioactivity argon from an underground source (UAr) in\nits inner detector, with half serving as target in a dual-phase time projection\nchamber (TPC). The UAr cryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic\nconditions throughout the experiment's lifetime of >10 years. Continuous\nremoval of impurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signal\nyield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient and powerful\ncryogenics system with a gas purification loop with a target circulation rate\nof 1000 slpm. Central to its design is a condenser operated with liquid\nnitrogen which is paired with a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a\ncombined cooling power of >8 kW. Here we present the design choices in view of\nthe DS-20k requirements, in particular the condenser's working principle and\nthe cooling control, and we show test results obtained with a dedicated\nbenchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermal efficiency of\nthe recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogen consumption per argon flow\nrate, is 95 % and the pressure in the test cryostat can be maintained within\n$\\pm$(0.1-0.2) mbar. We further detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test\ncryostat, maintaining a cooling rate typically within -2 K/h, as required for\nthe DS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flow\nresistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchanger geometries\nfor argon phase change, used to provide gas for recirculation. We conclude by\ndiscussing how our findings influence the finalisation of the system design,\nincluding necessary modifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing\nactivities.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.14071","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experiment under
construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. It
utilises ~100 t of low radioactivity argon from an underground source (UAr) in
its inner detector, with half serving as target in a dual-phase time projection
chamber (TPC). The UAr cryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic
conditions throughout the experiment's lifetime of >10 years. Continuous
removal of impurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signal
yield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient and powerful
cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with a target circulation rate
of 1000 slpm. Central to its design is a condenser operated with liquid
nitrogen which is paired with a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a
combined cooling power of >8 kW. Here we present the design choices in view of
the DS-20k requirements, in particular the condenser's working principle and
the cooling control, and we show test results obtained with a dedicated
benchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermal efficiency of
the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogen consumption per argon flow
rate, is 95 % and the pressure in the test cryostat can be maintained within
$\pm$(0.1-0.2) mbar. We further detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test
cryostat, maintaining a cooling rate typically within -2 K/h, as required for
the DS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flow
resistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchanger geometries
for argon phase change, used to provide gas for recirculation. We conclude by
discussing how our findings influence the finalisation of the system design,
including necessary modifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing
activities.
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