Surface modification of a biomass-derived self-supported carbon nano network as an emerging platform for advanced field emitter devices and supercapacitor applications†

Abstract

Herein, a self-supported carbon network is designed through the sole pyrolysis of Carica papaya seeds (biomass) without any activation agent, demonstrating their field emission and supercapacitor applications. The pyrolysis of seeds in an argon atmosphere leads to the formation of interconnected, rod-like structures. Furthermore, the hydrofluoric acid treatment not only removed impurities, but also resulted in the formation of CaF₂ nanocrystals with the addition of F-doping. From the field emission studies, the turn-on field values defined at an emission current density of ∼10 μA cm⁻² were found to be ∼2.16 and 1.21 V μm⁻¹ for the as-prepared carbon and F-doped carbon, respectively. Notably, F-doped carbon exhibits a high emission current density of ∼9.49 mA cm⁻² and has been drawn at an applied electric field of ∼2.29 V μm⁻¹. Supercapacitor studies were carried out to demonstrate the multi-functionality of the prepared materials. The F-doped carbon electrode material exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 234 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹. To demonstrate the actual supercapacitor application, the HFC//HFC symmetric coin cell supercapacitor device was assembled. The overall multifunctional applicability of the fabricated hybrid structures provides a futuristic approach to field emission and energy storage applications.