The Prokaryotic Roots of Eukaryotic Immune Systems

IF 8.7 1区 生物学 Q1 GENETICS & HEREDITY
L. Aravind, Gianlucca G. Nicastro, Lakshminarayan M. Iyer, A. Maxwell Burroughs
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Over the past two decades, studies have revealed profound evolutionary connections between prokaryotic and eukaryotic immune systems, challenging the notion of their unrelatedness. Immune systems across the tree of life share an operational framework, shaping their biochemical logic and evolutionary trajectories. The diversification of immune genes in the prokaryotic superkingdoms, followed by lateral transfer to eukaryotes, was central to the emergence of innate immunity in the latter. These include protein domains related to nucleotide second messenger–dependent systems, NAD+/nucleotide degradation, and P-loop NTPase domains of the STAND and GTPase clades playing pivotal roles in eukaryotic immunity and inflammation. Moreover, several domains orchestrating programmed cell death, ultimately of prokaryotic provenance, suggest an intimate link between immunity and the emergence of multicellularity in eukaryotes such as animals. While eukaryotes directly adopted some proteins from bacterial immune systems, they repurposed others for new immune functions from bacterial interorganismal conflict systems. These emerging immune components hold substantial biotechnological potential.
真核生物免疫系统的原核根源
在过去二十年里,研究揭示了原核生物和真核生物免疫系统之间深刻的进化联系,挑战了它们互不相关的观念。生命树上的免疫系统共享一个运作框架,塑造了它们的生化逻辑和进化轨迹。原核生物超级王国中免疫基因的多样化,以及随后向真核生物的横向转移,是真核生物出现先天性免疫的关键。这些基因包括与核苷酸第二信使依赖系统、NAD+/核苷酸降解有关的蛋白质结构域,以及在真核生物免疫和炎症中发挥关键作用的 STAND 和 GTPase 家族的 P 环 NTPase 结构域。此外,一些协调细胞程序性死亡的结构域最终来源于原核生物,这表明免疫与真核生物(如动物)多细胞性的出现之间存在密切联系。真核生物直接从细菌免疫系统中采用了一些蛋白质,同时还从细菌的机体间冲突系统中重新利用了其他蛋白质来实现新的免疫功能。这些新出现的免疫成分蕴含着巨大的生物技术潜力。
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来源期刊
Annual review of genetics
Annual review of genetics 生物-遗传学
CiteScore
18.30
自引率
0.90%
发文量
17
期刊介绍: The Annual Review of Genetics, published since 1967, comprehensively covers significant advancements in genetics. It encompasses various areas such as biochemical, behavioral, cell, and developmental genetics, evolutionary and population genetics, chromosome structure and transmission, gene function and expression, mutation and repair, genomics, immunogenetics, and other topics related to the genetics of viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans.
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