Concatenated Steane code with single-flag syndrome checks

Abstract

A fault-tolerant error correction (FTEC) protocol with a high error suppression rate and low overhead is very desirable for the near-term implementation of quantum computers. In this work, we develop a distance-preserving flag FTEC protocol for the $\left[\right[49,1,9\left]\right]$ concatenated Steane code, which requires only two ancilla qubits per generator and can be implemented on a planar layout. We generalize the weight-parity error correction (WPEC) technique from Tansuwannont and Leung [Phys. Rev. A 104, 042410 (2021)] and find a gate ordering of flag circuits for the concatenated Steane code, which makes syndrome extraction with two ancilla qubits per generator possible. The FTEC protocol is constructed using the optimization tools for flag FTEC developed in Pato et al. [PRX Quantum 5, 020336 (2024)] and is simulated under the circuit-level noise model without idling noise. Our simulations give a pseudothreshold of $1.64\times {10}^{-3}$ for the $\left[\right[49,1,9\left]\right]$ concatenated Steane code, which is better than a pseudothreshold of $1.43\times {10}^{-3}$ for the $\left[\right[61,1,9\left]\right]$ 6.6.6 color code simulated under the same settings. This is in contrast to the code capacity model where the $\left[\right[61,1,9\left]\right]$ code performs better.