Feasibility study on conversion of biowaste of lemon peel into carbon electrode for supercapacitor using ZnCl2 as an activating agent

IF 3.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
M. S. Michael, K. Surya
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Abstract

Here, we describe the analysis of the capacitive performance of activated carbon materials derived from the biowaste of lemon. Lemon peel discarded by restaurants after juice extraction is carbonized at 400 0C followed by chemical activation using ZnCl2. The porosity of carbon materials is tailored by varying activation conditions, such as the mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2, duration of heating, and temperature. The Brunauer–Emmett– Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume of carbon materials prepared at different activating conditions range from 1380 to 2120 m2g−1 and 0.38 to 0.69 cm3 g−1 respectively. The derived carbon materials are amorphous indicated by the broad peaks in the XRD pattern as well as disordered structure of the carbon materials is revealed by the Raman spectroscopic analysis. The systematic analysis of capacitive performance of activated carbons by employing electrochemical techniques like Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge/Discharge (GCD) cycles, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in acidic (H2SO4) and alkaline (KOH) media indicates that optimum condition for activation of lemon peel is 600 °C for 60 min with 1:1 mass ratio of carbonized lemon peel and ZnCl2. The superior performance of (ALP-600) is attributed to its high surface area and well-connected hierarchical porous structure. The tiny hump at ~ 0.2 V in CV might be due to the pseudocapacitive nature of oxygen functional groups indicated by FTIR. ALP-600 exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 180 Fg−1 and retains 99.7% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles in the acidic electrolyte. The maximum capacitance achieved with ALP-600 symmetric cell in CR2032 coin cell configuration is 0.90F.

Abstract Image

以氯化锌为活化剂将柠檬皮生物废料转化为超级电容器用碳电极的可行性研究
在此,我们介绍了对从柠檬生物废料中提取的活性炭材料的电容性能的分析。餐厅榨汁后丢弃的柠檬皮在 400 0C 下碳化,然后使用 ZnCl2 进行化学活化。通过改变活化条件,如碳化柠檬皮和 ZnCl2 的质量比、加热时间和温度,可定制碳材料的孔隙率。在不同活化条件下制备的碳材料的布鲁纳-埃美特-特勒(BET)表面积和孔隙率分别为 1380 至 2120 平方米/克和 0.38 至 0.69 立方厘米/克。X 射线衍射图谱中的宽峰表明所制备的碳材料是无定形的,拉曼光谱分析也显示了碳材料的无序结构。通过在酸性(H2SO4)和碱性(KOH)介质中采用循环伏安法(CV)、静电充电/放电循环(GCD)和电化学阻抗光谱法(EIS)等电化学技术对活性炭的电容性能进行了系统分析,结果表明柠檬皮的最佳活化条件为 600 °C 60 分钟,碳化柠檬皮和氯化锌的质量比为 1:1。ALP-600 的优异性能归功于其高比表面积和连接良好的分层多孔结构。傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)显示,CV 在 0.2 V 左右出现微小驼峰可能是由于氧官能团的假电容性质。ALP-600 的比电容最高,达到 180 Fg-1,在酸性电解液中循环 5000 次后,仍能保持 99.7% 的初始电容。在 CR2032 纽扣电池配置中,ALP-600 对称电池实现的最大电容为 0.90F。
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来源期刊
Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-
CiteScore
7.90
自引率
2.20%
发文量
8
审稿时长
13 weeks
期刊介绍: Energy is the single most valuable resource for human activity and the basis for all human progress. Materials play a key role in enabling technologies that can offer promising solutions to achieve renewable and sustainable energy pathways for the future. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy has been established to be the world''s foremost interdisciplinary forum for publication of research on all aspects of the study of materials for the deployment of renewable and sustainable energy technologies. The journal covers experimental and theoretical aspects of materials and prototype devices for sustainable energy conversion, storage, and saving, together with materials needed for renewable fuel production. It publishes reviews, original research articles, rapid communications, and perspectives. All manuscripts are peer-reviewed for scientific quality. Topics include: 1. MATERIALS for renewable energy storage and conversion: Batteries, Supercapacitors, Fuel cells, Hydrogen storage, and Photovoltaics and solar cells. 2. MATERIALS for renewable and sustainable fuel production: Hydrogen production and fuel generation from renewables (catalysis), Solar-driven reactions to hydrogen and fuels from renewables (photocatalysis), Biofuels, and Carbon dioxide sequestration and conversion. 3. MATERIALS for energy saving: Thermoelectrics, Novel illumination sources for efficient lighting, and Energy saving in buildings. 4. MATERIALS modeling and theoretical aspects. 5. Advanced characterization techniques of MATERIALS Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy is committed to upholding the integrity of the scientific record. As a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) the journal will follow the COPE guidelines on how to deal with potential acts of misconduct. Authors should refrain from misrepresenting research results which could damage the trust in the journal and ultimately the entire scientific endeavor. Maintaining integrity of the research and its presentation can be achieved by following the rules of good scientific practice as detailed here: https://www.springer.com/us/editorial-policies
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