Catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose to oxygenates: roles of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

EES catalysis Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI:10.1039/D4EY00154K
Yingchuan Zhang, Zijing Li, Tao Zhou and Guangri Jia
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Abstract

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass is an efficient approach that can overcome the structural recalcitrance of solid biomass (e.g., crystalline cellulose) to produce sugar monomers and their derivatives within seconds. The composition of the product mixture, which is accumulated in a liquid called bio-oil, is highly tuneable through the use of in situ/ex situ catalysts for the downstream production of sustainable fuels and fine chemicals. This minireview summarises the recent advances in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in the CFP production of versatile oxygenates as fuel precursors or bulk chemicals. First, a brief overview of primary CFP pathways, including cellulose-to-levoglucosan (LGA) conversion and the production of three important derivative anhydrosugars, is provided. Particular attention is paid to the roles of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in promoting secondary reforming of LGA by dehydration and to alternative pathways via C3–C6 cyclisation or benzylic rearrangement over versatile catalysts (e.g., aqueous acids, zeolites, metal oxides) with Brønsted/Lewis acidity to produce a variety of oxygenates in bio-oil. This minireview may provoke more CFP technologies by clarifying the opportunities and challenges in the selective production of different reformed oxygenates, complementing CFP-based production of aromatics from biomass.

Abstract Image

催化快速热解纤维素生成含氧化合物:均相催化剂和异相催化剂的作用
生物质催化快速热解(CFP)是一种高效的方法,可以克服固体生物质(如结晶纤维素)的结构不稳定性,在几秒钟内生产出糖单体及其衍生物。产品混合物的成分积聚在一种称为生物油的液体中,可通过使用原位/原位催化剂进行高度调整,用于下游可持续燃料和精细化学品的生产。本微型综述总结了 CFP 生产多功能含氧化合物(作为燃料前体或大宗化学品)的均相和异相催化剂的最新进展。首先,简要概述了初级 CFP 途径,包括纤维素到左旋葡聚糖 (LGA) 的转化和三种重要衍生无水糖的生产。其中特别关注了均相和异相催化剂在促进 LGA 脱水二次转化中的作用,以及在具有布氏/刘易斯酸性的多功能催化剂(如水酸、沸石、金属氧化物)上通过 C3-C6 环化或苄基重排生成生物油中各种含氧化合物的替代途径。通过阐明选择性生产不同重整含氧化合物背后的机遇和挑战,本微型综述可能会催生更多的 CFP 技术,为基于 CFP 的生物质芳烃生产提供补充部分。
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