Disturbances of the Process of Synaptic Elimination and Its Reflection in the Wave N170 of Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) in First Psychotic Episode of Paranoid Schizophrenia

Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI:10.1134/s0022093024040276

A. Yu. Arkhipov, G. I. Rodionov, V. B. Strelets

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Abstract

In this work the response of cortical structures to auditory stimuli of different emotional significance (verbal stimuli associated with delusions and hallucinations and neutral ones) was investigated in healthy controls (n = 15; 7 males, 8 females) and in patients with paranoid schizophrenia (n = 24; 11 males, 13 females) in N170 component of the auditory evoked potential (AEP), participants of both groups had higher or specialized secondary education and nearly equal level of social well-being. In norm, an amplitude increase and latency shortening of N170 wave in the right central-parietal region for emotionally significant stimuli was found, which means the greater level of cortical activation for this type of stimuli. Along with the general decrease in cortical activation peculiar to paranoid schizophrenia patients, which is well known in scientific literature in this ERP component, our study revealed a simultaneous increase in both ERP parameters- amplitude and latency in frontal areas and their decrease in central and temporal areas- a phenomenon that we called the paradox effect (PE). PE in patients develops in response to emotionally significant verbal stimuli, which in norm cause increased activation. Thus, the study confirms our hypothesis that PEs are found on auditory ERPs as well as on visual ERPs, which we found earlier in previous studies. The fact that PE is observed at the N170 wave of the auditory evoked potential (AEP), i.e., at the same second perceptual stage as in the visual (VEP), may indicate that this response appears to be general principle for all modalities. However, because the auditory stimulus is shorter and more compact than the image, the response is earlier. In this regard, the PE to the auditory stimulus develops on N170 wave, whereas in visual modality it develops on later P200 component. Thus, in schizophrenia, a “conflict” between excitation and inhibition is detected already by 170 ms after stimulus presentation in response to significant stimuli, resulting in the PEs development. The identity of PEs detected in schizophrenia on VEP and AEP is also evidenced by the data on the similar character of cortical excitation with simultaneous increase or decrease of both N170 parameters. It is supposed that the revealed violation reflects the pathological process of synapse elimination peculiar to schizophrenia, which results in an excess of synapses in frontal areas combined with their deficit in central cortical areas.

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偏执型精神分裂症首次精神发作时突触消除过程的紊乱及其在听觉诱发电位 (AEP) N170 波中的反映

摘要本研究调查了健康对照组（n = 15；7 名男性，8 名女性）和偏执型精神分裂症患者（n = 24；11 名男性，13 名女性）大脑皮层结构对不同情感意义的听觉刺激（与妄想和幻觉相关的言语刺激和中性刺激）的反应，两组患者均受过高等或中等专业教育，社会福利水平基本相当。在正常情况下，受试者右侧中央顶叶区的 N170 波振幅增大，潜伏期缩短，这意味着受试者大脑皮层对这类刺激的激活程度更高。除了偏执型精神分裂症患者特有的皮质激活普遍降低这一在科学文献中众所周知的ERP成分外，我们的研究还发现ERP的两个参数--额叶区的振幅和潜伏期同时增加，而中央区和颞区的振幅和潜伏期同时降低--这一现象我们称之为悖论效应（PE）。患者的悖论效应是对具有情感意义的言语刺激的反应，而言语刺激通常会导致激活增加。因此，这项研究证实了我们的假设，即听觉ERP和视觉ERP都存在悖论效应。在听觉诱发电位（AEP）的 N170 波（即与视觉诱发电位（VEP）相同的第二感知阶段）上观察到 PE，这一事实可能表明这种反应似乎是所有模式的普遍原则。在这方面，对听觉刺激的反应发生在 N170 波上，而在视觉模式中则发生在较晚的 P200 分量上。因此，在精神分裂症患者中，兴奋和抑制之间的 "冲突 "在刺激呈现后 170 毫秒就已被检测到，从而导致 PE 的出现。精神分裂症患者在 VEP 和 AEP 上检测到的 PEs 的特征还可以从有关 N170 两个参数同时增高或降低时皮层兴奋的相似特征的数据中得到证明。据推测，所揭示的异常反映了精神分裂症特有的突触消除病理过程，该过程导致额叶区突触过多，而皮质中央区突触不足。

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