Accuracy of daily extreme air temperatures under natural variations in thermometer screen ventilation

IF 2 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
R. Giles Harrison, Stephen D. Burt
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Accurate air temperatures underpin environmental research. Most professional meteorological air temperature measurements still expose thermometers within traditional, naturally ventilated screens. Their representation of true air temperature depends on screen airflow, and therefore local winds. Accuracies of daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperatures are assessed by comparison between a naturally ventilated large conventional screen and a co-located aspirated reference screen. In over 1200 days' data, the naturally ventilated Tmin and Tmax both showed small (median < 0.06°C) cold bias, but, in 1% of cases, warm Tmax bias and cold Tmin bias >|1°C|. The Tmin cold bias is associated with calm clear nights, and the Tmax warm bias events with calm winter days at low sun angles, allowing solar heating of the screen. The prevalence of poor natural ventilation, potentially affecting Tmin and Tmax, is estimated across European sites. Poor ventilation occurred at Tmin for 12% of values, and at Tmax for 4%. Climatological averaging will reduce these effects, but, without corroborating wind data, statistical changes in Tmin or Tmax, including identifying “Tropical Nights” (Tmin > 20°C) or occurrences of winter extremes, may have limited value. Wider adoption of aspirated thermometer screens, with an initial overlap period, will largely eliminate these effects.

Abstract Image

温度计屏幕通风自然变化下每日极端气温的准确性
准确的气温是环境研究的基础。大多数专业气象气温测量仍将温度计置于传统的自然通风幕内。它们对真实气温的呈现取决于屏风气流,因此也取决于当地风力。通过比较自然通风的大型传统屏幕和同位吸气式参考屏幕,对每日最高(Tmax)和最低(Tmin)气温的准确性进行了评估。在超过 1200 天的数据中,自然通风 Tmin 和 Tmax 都显示出较小的(中位数< 0.06°C)冷偏差,但在 1%的情况下,Tmax 偏暖,Tmin 偏冷>|1°C|。Tmin 冷偏差与晴朗平静的夜晚有关,而 Tmax 暖偏差事件则与日照角度较低的平静冬日有关,这使得太阳可以加热屏幕。据估计,自然通风不良可能会影响欧洲各地的 Tmin 和 Tmax。通风不良发生在 Tmin 值的比例为 12%,发生在 Tmax 值的比例为 4%。气候平均值将减少这些影响,但如果没有风力数据的证实,Tmin 或 Tmax 的统计变化,包括识别 "热带之夜"(Tmin > 20°C)或冬季极端天气的发生,可能价值有限。更广泛地采用吸气式温度计屏幕,加上初始重叠期,将在很大程度上消除这些影响。
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Science Letters
Atmospheric Science Letters METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES-
CiteScore
4.90
自引率
3.30%
发文量
73
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Atmospheric Science Letters (ASL) is a wholly Open Access electronic journal. Its aim is to provide a fully peer reviewed publication route for new shorter contributions in the field of atmospheric and closely related sciences. Through its ability to publish shorter contributions more rapidly than conventional journals, ASL offers a framework that promotes new understanding and creates scientific debate - providing a platform for discussing scientific issues and techniques. We encourage the presentation of multi-disciplinary work and contributions that utilise ideas and techniques from parallel areas. We particularly welcome contributions that maximise the visualisation capabilities offered by a purely on-line journal. ASL welcomes papers in the fields of: Dynamical meteorology; Ocean-atmosphere systems; Climate change, variability and impacts; New or improved observations from instrumentation; Hydrometeorology; Numerical weather prediction; Data assimilation and ensemble forecasting; Physical processes of the atmosphere; Land surface-atmosphere systems.
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