The Volatility of Energetic Materials and How to Safely Determine Them: Exemplified by Nitro-Pyrazoles via Transpiration Method, Differential Scanning, and Bomb Calorimetry

Abstract

This publication presents a detailed examination of the volatility of high energy density materials, specifically focusing on pure nitro-pyrazoles. The study uses the transpiration method to measure the vapor pressure and corresponding parameters of these energetic materials in the range of 274–422 K, ensuring safety and accuracy. The investigations were supported by analysis using differential scanning and bomb calorimetry in order to incorporate parameters such as the molar heat capacity and molar standard enthalpy of formation. The vapor pressure provides crucial insights into the phase change ability of these substances and is fundamental for understanding the risk associated with handling these materials, their potential for detection, and their overall thermodynamic behavior. The publication thoroughly discusses the safety measures in place to handle these blastable materials, the innovative use of open and modular setups, and the advantages of using diluted samples for analysis. The results of the study contribute significantly to the knowledge of the volatility behavior of these compounds and offer guidance about their safe handling and potential applications.