Risk of Suicide, Hair Loss, and Aspiration with GLP1-Receptor Agonists and Other Diabetic Agents: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study

Abstract

Purpose

With the increasing popularity of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs), numerous safety concerns arose pertaining to suicide, hair loss, and aspiration risks. We attempted to validate these concerns.

Methods

We queried four pharmacovigilance databases to compare GLP1-RAs to sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) with respect to these adverse events (AE): the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), the Australian Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN), the European Medicines Agency’s (EudraVigilance), and the World Health Organization-Vigibase. OpenVigil 2.1 was utilized to perform a disproportionality analysis for GLP1-RAs, SGLT2is, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4is), sulfonylureas, metformin, and insulin. The following indices were extracted from the FAERS database from Q4/2003 until Q3/2023: relative reporting ratio (RRR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and chi-squared (χ²). A positive signal was detected if PRR > 2 and χ² > 4 for any drug-event pair.

Results

No positive signals were observed between GLP1-RAs and either suicide, hair loss, or aspiration risks. Semaglutide [ROR = 0.60 (0.51–0.71)] and liraglutide [ROR = 0.28 (0.23–0.35)] had higher suicidal events than DPP4is and SGLT2is. GLP1-RAs were the most reported class with hair loss [ROR = 0.61 (0.60–0.64)], and semaglutide, liraglutide, and dulaglutide were the three leading medications. GLP1-RAs ranked lower with aspiration events, which were led by sitagliptin and DPP4is as a group.

Conclusion

GLP1-RAs exhibit higher reporting of suicide, hair loss, and aspiration events when compared to several other antidiabetic medications despite not meeting the criteria for positive signals yet. This warrants intensive monitoring and reporting.

Graphical Abstract