Battery Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids: A Review of SoC Balancing and Perspectives

IF 5.2 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI:10.1109/OJIES.2024.3455239

Thales Augusto Fagundes;Guilherme Henrique Favaro Fuzato;Lucas Jonys Ribeiro Silva;Augusto Matheus dos Santos Alonso;Juan C. Vasquez;Josep M. Guerrero;Ricardo Quadros Machado

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Microgrids (MGs) often integrate various energy sources to enhance system reliability, including intermittent methods, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Consequently, this integration contributes to a more resilient power distribution system. In addition, battery energy storage system (BESS) units are connected to MGs to offer grid-supporting services, such as peak shaving, load compensation, power factor quality, and operation during source failures. In this context, an energy management system (EMS) is necessary to incorporate BESS in MGs. Consequently, state-of-charge (SoC) equalization is a common approach to address EMS requirements and balance the internal load among BESS units in MG operation. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of EMS strategies for balancing SoC among BESS units, including centralized and decentralized control, multiagent systems, and other concepts, such as designing nonlinear strategies, optimal algorithms, and categorizing agents into clusters. Moreover, in this article, we discuss alternatives to improve EMS and strategies regarding the topology of power converters, including redundancy-based topology, modular multilevel converter, cascaded-based converter, and hybrid-type systems. In addition, this article explores optimization processes aimed at reducing operational costs while considering SoC equalization. Finally, second-life BESS units are explored as an emerging topic, focusing on their operation within specific power converters topologies to achieve SoC balance.

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微电网中的电池储能系统：SoC 平衡与展望综述

微电网（MG）通常会整合各种能源，包括太阳能电池板和风力涡轮机等间歇性能源，以提高系统可靠性。因此，这种整合有助于提高配电系统的弹性。此外，电池储能系统（BESS）装置也被连接到 MG 上，以提供电网支持服务，例如削峰填谷、负荷补偿、功率因数质量和电源故障时的运行。在这种情况下，将电池储能系统（BESS）集成到 MG 中需要一个能源管理系统（EMS）。因此，充电状态（SoC）均衡是解决 EMS 要求和平衡 MG 运行中 BESS 单元内部负载的常用方法。本文全面回顾了用于平衡 BESS 单元间 SoC 的 EMS 策略，包括集中式和分散式控制、多代理系统和其他概念，如设计非线性策略、最优算法和将代理划分为群组。此外，本文还讨论了改善 EMS 的替代方案和有关电源转换器拓扑结构的策略，包括基于冗余的拓扑结构、模块化多电平转换器、基于级联的转换器和混合型系统。此外，本文还探讨了旨在降低运营成本的优化流程，同时考虑了 SoC 均衡。最后，本文还探讨了作为新兴课题的第二寿命 BESS 单元，重点关注其在特定电源转换器拓扑结构中的运行，以实现 SoC 平衡。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC-

CiteScore

10.80

自引率

2.40%

发文量

审稿时长

12 weeks

期刊介绍： The IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society is dedicated to advancing information-intensive, knowledge-based automation, and digitalization, aiming to enhance various industrial and infrastructural ecosystems including energy, mobility, health, and home/building infrastructure. Encompassing a range of techniques leveraging data and information acquisition, analysis, manipulation, and distribution, the journal strives to achieve greater flexibility, efficiency, effectiveness, reliability, and security within digitalized and networked environments. Our scope provides a platform for discourse and dissemination of the latest developments in numerous research and innovation areas. These include electrical components and systems, smart grids, industrial cyber-physical systems, motion control, robotics and mechatronics, sensors and actuators, factory and building communication and automation, industrial digitalization, flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing, assistant systems, industrial applications of artificial intelligence and data science, as well as the implementation of machine learning, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic. Additionally, we explore human factors in digitalized and networked ecosystems. Join us in exploring and shaping the future of industrial electronics and digitalization.