Assessing water quality of kazerun county in southwest Iran: Multi-analytical techniques, deterministic vs. probabilistic water quality index, geospatial analysis, fuzzy C-means clustering, and machine learning

IF 4.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Water quality is critical to human health and the environment, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Hence, the objectives of this study were to assess drinking water quality, identify critical parameters, investigate spatial patterns, and investigate accurate predictive models for the water quality index (WQI) in the Kazerun county in southwest Iran. To address this issue using deterministic and probabilistic WQI, correlation matrix, fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering, geostatistics, and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with FIS generation by fuzzy C-Means (FCM-ANFIS) and sub-clustering (SC-ANFIS).Various software tools, including Excel, MATLAB, Python, and GIS were used to analyze groundwater data collected from 25 sampling sites. Water parameters, including pH, Cl, SO4−2, EC, NO3, NO2, Ca2+, Mg2+, and F, were examined. The results showed that F levels were within acceptable limits set by the US EPA, but about one-third of sites posed potential health risks based on WHO guidelines. In one-third of regions, the levels of Mg2+ exceeded the recommended guidelines. In deterministic and probabilistic approaches, water quality was excellent in 68% and 81.3% of sites, respectively. Sobol sensitivity analysis identified SO4−2> Mg2+>Cl > EC > F > NO3 as significant WQI variables. Spearman correlation matrix shows substantial positive correlations between WQI and EC, F, SO4−2, Mg2+, and Cl were shown by the Spearman correlation matrix. Based on the FCM results, the southeast and central sites (56% of sites) have similar water quality. In comparison, the northern and four central sites (28% of sites) have distinct regional features, and the southern sites (16% of sites) had unique water quality characteristics. Geostatistical analyses showed that pH had the most substantial local clustering, while SO4−2 had significant high-value clustering. Furthermore, hot spot research revealed specific sites with high pH, F, NO3, and Cl levels. The FCM-ANFIS model outperformed the SC-ANFIS model, emphasizing FCM clustering's importance in water quality forecasting accuracy.

Abstract Image

评估伊朗西南部卡泽伦县的水质:多种分析技术、确定性与概率性水质指数、地理空间分析、模糊 C-means 聚类和机器学习
水质对人类健康和环境至关重要,尤其是在干旱和半干旱地区。因此,本研究的目标是评估伊朗西南部卡泽伦县的饮用水水质,确定关键参数,调查空间模式,并研究水质指数(WQI)的精确预测模型。为了解决这一问题,研究人员使用了确定性和概率性 WQI、相关矩阵、模糊 C-Means (FCM) 聚类、地质统计学和基于网络的自适应模糊推理系统 (ANFIS),并通过模糊 C-Means (FCM-ANFIS) 和子聚类 (SC-ANFIS) 生成 FIS。采用 Excel、MATLAB、Python 和 GIS 等多种软件工具分析了从 25 个采样点收集的地下水数据,考察了 pH、Cl-、SO4-2、EC、NO3-、NO2-、Ca2+、Mg2+ 和 F- 等水参数。结果显示,F-含量在美国环保局规定的可接受范围内,但根据世界卫生组织的指导方针,约有三分之一的地点存在潜在的健康风险。在三分之一的地区,Mg2+ 的含量超过了建议的准则。在确定性方法和概率方法中,分别有 68% 和 81.3% 的地点水质优良。通过 Sobol 敏感性分析发现,SO4-2> Mg2+> Cl- > EC > F- > NO3- 是重要的水质指数变量。斯皮尔曼相关矩阵显示,WQI 与 EC、F-、SO4-2、Mg2+ 和 Cl- 之间存在显著的正相关关系。根据 FCM 结果,东南部和中部站点(56%的站点)的水质相似。相比之下,北部和中部四个站点(占站点总数的 28%)具有明显的区域特征,南部站点(占站点总数的 16%)具有独特的水质特征。地质统计分析显示,pH 值具有最显著的局部聚集性,而 SO4-2 则具有显著的高值聚集性。此外,热点研究还发现了 pH 值、F-、NO3- 和 Cl- 含量较高的特定地点。FCM-ANFIS 模型的性能优于 SC-ANFIS 模型,突出了 FCM 聚类在水质预测精度方面的重要性。
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来源期刊
Groundwater for Sustainable Development
Groundwater for Sustainable Development Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development
CiteScore
11.50
自引率
10.20%
发文量
152
期刊介绍: Groundwater for Sustainable Development is directed to different stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations, international funding agencies, universities, public water institutions, public health and other public/private sector professionals, and other relevant institutions. It is aimed at professionals, academics and students in the fields of disciplines such as: groundwater and its connection to surface hydrology and environment, soil sciences, engineering, ecology, microbiology, atmospheric sciences, analytical chemistry, hydro-engineering, water technology, environmental ethics, economics, public health, policy, as well as social sciences, legal disciplines, or any other area connected with water issues. The objectives of this journal are to facilitate: • The improvement of effective and sustainable management of water resources across the globe. • The improvement of human access to groundwater resources in adequate quantity and good quality. • The meeting of the increasing demand for drinking and irrigation water needed for food security to contribute to a social and economically sound human development. • The creation of a global inter- and multidisciplinary platform and forum to improve our understanding of groundwater resources and to advocate their effective and sustainable management and protection against contamination. • Interdisciplinary information exchange and to stimulate scientific research in the fields of groundwater related sciences and social and health sciences required to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals for sustainable development.
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