Fertility and tillage intensity affect weed community diversity and functional structure in long-term organic systems

IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY
Jake Allen, Uriel D. Menalled, Guillaume Adeux, Christopher J. Pelzer, Sandra Wayman, Ashley B. Jernigan, Stéphane Cordeau, Antonio DiTommaso, Matthew R. Ryan
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Knowledge of how agricultural management interacts with weed seed banks and emergent weed communities is crucial for proactive weed management. Though studies have detailed how differences in disturbance and nutrient applications between organic and conventional herbicide-based systems affect weed communities, few have focused on these same factors in contrasting organic systems. This study assessed the seed banks and emergent weed communities from the most recent crop rotation cycle (2017–2022) of a long-term experiment, which compared four organic grain and forage cropping systems differing in nutrient inputs and soil disturbance. The high fertility (HF) system received high-rate nutrient applications, low fertility (LF) received low-rate applications, enhanced weed management (EWM) focused on weed control through frequent soil disturbance, and reduced tillage (RT) prioritized soil health with less intense or frequent soil disturbance. Soil samples for greenhouse germination assays were collected at the beginning (2017) and end (2022) of the rotation to explore how these four systems influenced seed bank dynamics over time. Weed community biomass was also sampled in each crop during this time. Treatment effects on weed abundance, taxonomic diversity, and community-weighted means and functional dispersion of weed traits were analyzed with generalized mixed-effect models. The RT system had the highest weed seed bank taxonomic diversity, and EWM had the lowest. RT and LF had higher functional dispersion of traits than HF in the seed bank. Weed seed bank communities in HF and RT were characterized by short, small-seeded, and early germinating weed species. However, seed banks were also labile: Differences between systems in seed density and all other mean trait values were dependent on the crop, which preceded seed bank sampling. Likewise, differences among emergent weed communities in the four systems depended on an interaction between crop species and their planting year. Results suggest that resource availability and intensity of disturbance act as weed community assembly filters in organic cropping systems. Organic growers seeking to design systems that balance weed management and production goals can use relatively low soil disturbance and nutrient application to increase weed community taxonomic or functional diversity without necessarily increasing weed biomass or seed bank density.

Abstract Image

肥力和耕作强度会影响长期有机系统中杂草群落的多样性和功能结构。
了解农业管理如何与杂草种子库和新出现的杂草群落相互作用,对于积极主动地管理杂草至关重要。虽然已有研究详细说明了有机系统和常规除草剂系统之间的干扰和养分施用差异如何影响杂草群落,但很少有研究关注有机系统对比中的这些相同因素。本研究评估了一个长期实验中最近一个轮作周期(2017-2022 年)的种子库和新出现的杂草群落,该实验比较了养分投入和土壤扰动不同的四种有机谷物和饲草种植系统。高肥力(HF)系统接受高比率的养分施用,低肥力(LF)接受低比率的养分施用,强化杂草管理(EWM)侧重于通过频繁的土壤扰动控制杂草,而减少耕作(RT)则优先考虑土壤健康,减少对土壤的强烈或频繁扰动。在轮作开始(2017 年)和结束(2022 年)时收集了用于温室发芽测定的土壤样本,以探索这四种系统如何随着时间的推移影响种子库的动态。在此期间,还对每种作物的杂草群落生物量进行了采样。采用广义混合效应模型分析了处理对杂草丰度、分类多样性以及杂草性状的群落加权平均值和功能分散性的影响。RT 系统的杂草种子库分类多样性最高,EWM 系统最低。在种子库中,RT 和 LF 的性状功能分散性高于 HF。高频和低频杂草种子库群落的特点是矮小、种子小、发芽早。不过,种子库也是易变的:不同系统间种子密度和所有其他平均性状值的差异取决于种子库取样前的作物。同样,四个系统中新出现杂草群落的差异也取决于作物种类和种植年份之间的相互作用。研究结果表明,资源可用性和干扰强度是有机种植系统中杂草群落组合的过滤器。有机种植者在设计兼顾杂草管理和生产目标的系统时,可以利用相对较低的土壤扰动和养分施用来增加杂草群落的分类学或功能多样性,而不一定要增加杂草生物量或种子库密度。
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来源期刊
Ecological Applications
Ecological Applications 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
9.50
自引率
2.00%
发文量
268
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: The pages of Ecological Applications are open to research and discussion papers that integrate ecological science and concepts with their application and implications. Of special interest are papers that develop the basic scientific principles on which environmental decision-making should rest, and those that discuss the application of ecological concepts to environmental problem solving, policy, and management. Papers that deal explicitly with policy matters are welcome. Interdisciplinary approaches are encouraged, as are short communications on emerging environmental challenges.
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