CTC and CT5TEA: An advanced multi-channel digitizer and trigger ASIC for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes

IF 1.5 3区物理与天体物理 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2024.169841

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

We have developed a new set of Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) of the TARGET family (CTC and CT5TEA), designed for the readout of signals from photosensors in cameras of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy. We present the performance and design details. Both ASICs feature 16 channels, with CTC being a Switched-Capacitor Array (SCA) sampler at 0.5 to 1 GSa/s with a 16,384 sample deep storage buffer, including the functionality to digitize full waveforms at arbitrary times. CT5TEA is its companion trigger ASIC (though may be used on its own), which provides trigger information for the analog sum of four (and 16) adjacent channels. Since sampling and triggering takes place in two separate ASICs, the noise due to interference from the SCA is suppressed, and allows a minimal trigger threshold of $\leq$ 2.5 mV (0.74 photo electrons (p.e.)) with a trigger noise of $\leq$ 0.5 mV (0.15 p.e.). For CTC, a maximal input voltage range from $-$ 0.5 V up to 1.7 V is achieved with an effective bit range of $>$ 11.6 bits and a baseline noise of 0.7 mV. The cross-talk improved to $\leq$ 1% over the whole $-$ 3 dB bandwidth of 220 MHz and even down to 0.2% for 1.5 V pulses of 10 ns width. Not only is the performance presented, but a temperature-stable calibration routine for pulse mode operation is introduced and validated. The resolution is found to be $\sim$ 2.5% at 33.7 mV (10 p.e.) and $\leq$ 0.3% at 337 mV (100 p.e.) with an integrated non-linearity of $<$ 1.6 mV. Developed for the Small-Sized Telescope (SST) and Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (SCT) cameras of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), CTC and CT5TEA are deployed for both prototypes and shall be integrated into the final versions.

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CTC 和 CT5TEA：用于大气切伦科夫望远镜成像的先进多通道数字转换器和触发器 ASIC

我们开发了一套新的 TARGET 系列特定应用集成电路 (ASIC)（CTC 和 CT5TEA），设计用于读取地面伽马射线天文学成像大气切伦科夫望远镜 (IACT) 相机中光敏传感器的信号。我们将介绍其性能和设计细节。这两个 ASIC 都有 16 个通道，其中 CTC 是一个开关电容阵列（SCA）采样器，采样速度为 0.5 至 1 GSa/s，具有 16,384 个深度采样存储缓冲器，包括在任意时间对完整波形进行数字化的功能。CT5TEA 是其配套的触发器 ASIC（也可单独使用），为四个（和 16 个）相邻通道的模拟和提供触发信息。由于采样和触发是在两个独立的 ASIC 中进行的，因此抑制了 SCA 干扰造成的噪声，使最小触发阈值≤ 2.5 mV（0.74 个光电子），触发噪声≤ 0.5 mV（0.15 个光电子）。对于 CTC，最大输入电压范围为 -0.5 V 至 1.7 V，有效比特范围为 11.6 比特，基线噪声为 0.7 mV。在 220 MHz 的整个 -3 dB 带宽范围内，串扰降低到了 ≤ 1%，宽度为 10 ns 的 1.5 V 脉冲串扰甚至降低到了 0.2%。不仅介绍了性能，还介绍并验证了脉冲模式操作的温度稳定校准例程。33.7 mV（10 p.e.）时的分辨率为 ∼ 2.5%，337 mV（100 p.e.）时的分辨率为 ≤ 0.3%，综合非线性度为 < 1.6 mV。CTC 和 CT5TEA 是为切伦科夫望远镜阵列天文台（CTAO）的小型望远镜（SST）和施瓦茨希尔德-考德尔望远镜（SCT）照相机开发的，已在这两个原型机上使用，并将集成到最终版本中。

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来源期刊

Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment 物理-光谱学

CiteScore

3.20

自引率

21.40%

发文量

787

审稿时长

1 months

期刊介绍： Section A of Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research publishes papers on design, manufacturing and performance of scientific instruments with an emphasis on large scale facilities. This includes the development of particle accelerators, ion sources, beam transport systems and target arrangements as well as the use of secondary phenomena such as synchrotron radiation and free electron lasers. It also includes all types of instrumentation for the detection and spectrometry of radiations from high energy processes and nuclear decays, as well as instrumentation for experiments at nuclear reactors. Specialized electronics for nuclear and other types of spectrometry as well as computerization of measurements and control systems in this area also find their place in the A section. Theoretical as well as experimental papers are accepted.