NaZr2(PO4)3 – a cubic langbeinite-type sodium-ion solid conductor†

Abstract

The synthesis of langbeinite-type phosphates with small cations such as Li⁺ or Na⁺via a high-temperature solid-state reaction is a challenging task due to the predominant formation of a related NaSICON-type phase. This work reports on the synthesis route, crystal structure, thermal behavior, and Na-conductive properties of the langbeinite-type NaZr₂(PO₄)₃ prepared by a mechanochemically activated ion-exchange reaction between hydrothermally prepared NH₄Zr₂(PO₄)₃ and NaNO₃. The crystal structure of NaZr₂(PO₄)₃ is refined based on X-ray diffraction data and validated by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. NaZr₂(PO₄)₃ is found to be stable up to 730 °C, undergoing a transformation into the NaSICON phase with further heating. Notably, in the 25–500 °C range, the material shows negative thermal expansion. The Na⁺ conductivity within the range of 50–225 °C amounts to 1.7 × 10⁻⁸ S cm⁻¹ at 50 °C and 1 × 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹ at 225 °C with an activation energy of 0.44 eV, accompanied by a sufficiently low (∼10⁻¹² S cm⁻¹) electronic conductivity. The bandgap of 4.44 eV and the electrochemical stability window covering the 1.39–4.18 V vs. Na/Na⁺ range are calculated using density functional theory. The obtained results open up opportunities for designing langbeinite-structured phosphates as potential solid electrolytes for Na-ion batteries.