Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Asterarcys sp. and their applications

Abstract

Asterarcys-mediated algal extract, which is non-toxic and renewable, was used to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) efficiently and ecologically friendly. The palladium nanoparticle's fabrication was seen within two hours. UV spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM with SAED pattern were used to confirm the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticles have been developed, indicated by their deep brown color and broad UV-visible absorption spectra. The SAED and XRD patterns of the manufactured nanoparticles provided evidence of their face-centred cubic crystal structure. Because of reflections from the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), and (2 2 2) planes, the XRD pattern is broad, indicating that the FCC nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. The biomolecule responsible for Pd²⁺ reduction and PdNPs capping has been found by analyzing the FTIR spectra of dried PdNPs and dry algal powder. The average particle size, according to a TEM image, is 13 nm, whereas it ranges from 4 to 24 nm. In moderate reaction conditions, the catalytic activity of PdNPs was investigated in C-C cross-coupling processes including Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR were used to characterize the isolated product. The PdNPs exhibited strong catalytic activity and produced excellent conversion of the corresponding products.