Experimental assessment of environmental versus genetic influences on Macrocystis morphology

IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY
Ecosphere Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI:10.1002/ecs2.4959
Sara T. Gonzalez, Peter T. Raimondi
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The two most common ecomorphs of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera and Macrocystis integrifolia, exhibit almost no geographic overlap across their range in the temperate waters of North and South America, with few exceptions such as Stillwater Cove, CA, USA. However, in laboratory settings they are able to interbreed. The mechanism for the morphological variation is unknown, and whether these features are genetically fixed or malleable under different environmental conditions is unclear. Our study, for the first time, directly compared the growth, development, and morphological transformations of the two Macrocystis ecomorphs in a common garden experiment. We experimentally tested the influence of local environment on giant kelp morphology by rearing lab-cultured embryonic sporophytes from spores released by M. pyrifera and M. integrifolia sporophylls collected from multiple individuals at Stillwater Cove, CA. The spores were cultured in three treatments: “pyrifera-morph” only, “integrifolia-morph” only, and mixed (50:50 “pyrifera-morph”:“integrifolia-morph” spores). We outplanted the resultant embryonic sporophytes to concrete blocks installed at 7.5–9 m depth in the ocean and monitored the development of the sporophytes over 5 months. Our findings of distinct differences in morphology between the pyrifera-treatment and integrifolia-treatment individuals at multiple stages of development including reproductive adults indicates that the morphological differences between the two ecomorphs are genetically determined rather than environmentally induced. We found that primary stipe length and number of branches can be used as diagnostic traits for distinguishing the ecomorphs prior to the stage when adult sporophyte morphology can be definitively characterized. Additionally, no morphological hybrids were observed in the mixed-treatment, and ultimately the mixed-treatment individuals were more often categorized as “integrifolia-morph”-like than “pyrifera-morph”-like.

Abstract Image

通过实验评估环境与遗传对巨囊藻形态的影响
巨型海带最常见的两种形态--Macrocystis pyrifera 和 Macrocystis integrifolia,在南北美洲温带水域几乎没有地理重叠,只有少数例外,如美国加利福尼亚州的 Stillwater Cove。不过,在实验室环境中,它们能够杂交。形态变异的机制尚不清楚,这些特征是遗传固定的还是在不同环境条件下可塑的也不清楚。我们的研究首次在一个共同的花园实验中直接比较了两种巨囊藻的生长、发育和形态变化。我们在加利福尼亚州斯蒂尔沃特海湾(Stillwater Cove)从多个个体中采集了M. pyrifera和M. integrifolia孢子叶释放的孢子,通过实验室培养胚胎孢子体,实验测试了当地环境对巨型海带形态的影响。孢子的培养分为三种处理:仅 "pyrifera-morph "孢子、仅 "integrifolia-morph "孢子和混合孢子(50:50 "pyrifera-morph": "integrifolia-morph "孢子)。我们将产生的胚胎孢子体移植到安装在海洋中 7.5-9 米深的混凝土块上,并在 5 个月内监测孢子体的发育情况。我们发现,处理过 pyrifera 的个体和处理过 integrifolia 的个体在多个发育阶段(包括生殖成体)的形态都存在明显差异,这表明两种非形态之间的形态差异是由基因决定的,而不是环境诱导的。我们发现,在确定孢子体成体形态特征的阶段之前,主柄长度和分枝数可以作为区分两种非形态的诊断性状。此外,在混合处理中没有观察到形态杂交,最终混合处理个体更多地被归类为 "integrifolia-morph"-like,而不是 "pyrifera-morph"-like。
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来源期刊
Ecosphere
Ecosphere ECOLOGY-
CiteScore
4.70
自引率
3.70%
发文量
378
审稿时长
15 weeks
期刊介绍: The scope of Ecosphere is as broad as the science of ecology itself. The journal welcomes submissions from all sub-disciplines of ecological science, as well as interdisciplinary studies relating to ecology. The journal''s goal is to provide a rapid-publication, online-only, open-access alternative to ESA''s other journals, while maintaining the rigorous standards of peer review for which ESA publications are renowned.
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