{"title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of hydrometeorological variables for terrestrial and groundwater storage assessment","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101333","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Groundwater is a vital resource supporting various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and drinking water supplies. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on (GRACE-FO) can accurately assess variations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) at a regional scale, exhibiting precise measurements of spatio-temporal variations. This study aims to integrate GRACE/GRACE-FO and hydrometeorological variables to understand groundwater storage trends in Pakistan from 2002 to 2023. Precipitation, soil moisture, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, snow water equivalent, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are examined to understand the fluctuations in groundwater storage (GWS). Google Earth Engine (GEE) has been used for data collection and pixel-based Sen's slope analysis. The analysis revealed a consistent decline in terrestrial and groundwater storage in Pakistan over the study period. The soil moisture levels and snow water equivalent have decreased, while the levels of NDVI and precipitation have increased. Between 2002 and 2010, the study area experienced variations in TWS, while after 2012, the region faced severe water scarcity as the TWS decreased to 36 cm over the past 22 years. Trend analysis indicates a significant decline in groundwater storage (GWS) in Punjab province's highly urbanized and irrigated areas, averaging −1.41 cm per year. In contrast, the northern and coastal regions of the study area are experiencing an upward trend in GWS. Additionally, ground validation has been performed, yielding an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.31. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective urbanization policies and informed groundwater management. Implementing water conservation strategies in agriculture is essential to tackle water scarcity throughout Pakistan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352801X2400256X","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Groundwater is a vital resource supporting various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and drinking water supplies. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on (GRACE-FO) can accurately assess variations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) at a regional scale, exhibiting precise measurements of spatio-temporal variations. This study aims to integrate GRACE/GRACE-FO and hydrometeorological variables to understand groundwater storage trends in Pakistan from 2002 to 2023. Precipitation, soil moisture, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, snow water equivalent, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are examined to understand the fluctuations in groundwater storage (GWS). Google Earth Engine (GEE) has been used for data collection and pixel-based Sen's slope analysis. The analysis revealed a consistent decline in terrestrial and groundwater storage in Pakistan over the study period. The soil moisture levels and snow water equivalent have decreased, while the levels of NDVI and precipitation have increased. Between 2002 and 2010, the study area experienced variations in TWS, while after 2012, the region faced severe water scarcity as the TWS decreased to 36 cm over the past 22 years. Trend analysis indicates a significant decline in groundwater storage (GWS) in Punjab province's highly urbanized and irrigated areas, averaging −1.41 cm per year. In contrast, the northern and coastal regions of the study area are experiencing an upward trend in GWS. Additionally, ground validation has been performed, yielding an R2 value of 0.31. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective urbanization policies and informed groundwater management. Implementing water conservation strategies in agriculture is essential to tackle water scarcity throughout Pakistan.
期刊介绍：
Groundwater for Sustainable Development is directed to different stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations, international funding agencies, universities, public water institutions, public health and other public/private sector professionals, and other relevant institutions. It is aimed at professionals, academics and students in the fields of disciplines such as: groundwater and its connection to surface hydrology and environment, soil sciences, engineering, ecology, microbiology, atmospheric sciences, analytical chemistry, hydro-engineering, water technology, environmental ethics, economics, public health, policy, as well as social sciences, legal disciplines, or any other area connected with water issues. The objectives of this journal are to facilitate: • The improvement of effective and sustainable management of water resources across the globe. • The improvement of human access to groundwater resources in adequate quantity and good quality. • The meeting of the increasing demand for drinking and irrigation water needed for food security to contribute to a social and economically sound human development. • The creation of a global inter- and multidisciplinary platform and forum to improve our understanding of groundwater resources and to advocate their effective and sustainable management and protection against contamination. • Interdisciplinary information exchange and to stimulate scientific research in the fields of groundwater related sciences and social and health sciences required to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals for sustainable development.
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