{"title":"Developing a sustainable nature-based agricultural vertical system in cadmium polluted urban environments","authors":"Fatemeh Kazemi , Mansoure Jozay","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107385","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainable urban development faces challenges in efficiently using spaces, reducing pollutants, and greening cities. We examined how cadmium accumulation in soils from polluted irrigation water affects marigold (<em>Calendula officinalis</em> L.) safe and healthy products and how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can remediate cadmium on marigold for multifunctional urban vertical system development. The study was a factorial arrangement with a randomized complete block design. The first factor was cadmium (0, 1, 2 and, 3 mg/kg soil through irrigation with Cadmium-polluted water), and the second factor was PGPR treatments (<em>P.flu, P.putida, T.SP</em>, Mix1 (<em>P.flu</em> <em>+ A.lipo</em>), Mix2 (<em>T.SP+ A.choro</em>), Mix 3 <em>(P.flu</em> <em>+ A.lipo</em> <em>+ T.SP+ A.choro)</em>), and the control. In all the PGPR treatments, total chlorophyll, flowers' fresh and dry weight and antioxidant enzymes' activity significantly increased (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05). There was no obvious risk to human health for oral and dermal use of marigold products in bacterial inoculated treatments (1 > Health Risk Index). Using flower of the plants treated with <em>Thiobacillus thioparus strain 300</em>, Mix1 (<em>P.flu</em> + <em>A.lipo</em>), Mix2 (<em>T.SP+ A.choro</em>), Mix3 (<em>P.flu</em> + <em>A.lipo</em> + <em>T.SP</em> + <em>A.choro</em>), if irrigated with up to 2 mg/kg soil Cd were safe and healthy (<span><math><mtext>Estimated Daily Intake</mtext><mo><</mo><mn>0.001</mn></math></span>, Carcinogenetic Risk <1E-6, Target Hazard Quotient <1). Therefore, this research, for the first time, showed that using nature-based combined soil bacteria strains, we can create vertical green systems with double functionality: pollution remediation and healthy marigold flower production in cadmium-contaminated soils of up to 2 mg/kg.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11490,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 107385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857424002106/pdfft?md5=cc5c2c124914c5442d0801c8a752fefa&pid=1-s2.0-S0925857424002106-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ecological Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857424002106","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ECOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Sustainable urban development faces challenges in efficiently using spaces, reducing pollutants, and greening cities. We examined how cadmium accumulation in soils from polluted irrigation water affects marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) safe and healthy products and how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can remediate cadmium on marigold for multifunctional urban vertical system development. The study was a factorial arrangement with a randomized complete block design. The first factor was cadmium (0, 1, 2 and, 3 mg/kg soil through irrigation with Cadmium-polluted water), and the second factor was PGPR treatments (P.flu, P.putida, T.SP, Mix1 (P.flu+ A.lipo), Mix2 (T.SP+ A.choro), Mix 3 (P.flu+ A.lipo+ T.SP+ A.choro)), and the control. In all the PGPR treatments, total chlorophyll, flowers' fresh and dry weight and antioxidant enzymes' activity significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05). There was no obvious risk to human health for oral and dermal use of marigold products in bacterial inoculated treatments (1 > Health Risk Index). Using flower of the plants treated with Thiobacillus thioparus strain 300, Mix1 (P.flu + A.lipo), Mix2 (T.SP+ A.choro), Mix3 (P.flu + A.lipo + T.SP + A.choro), if irrigated with up to 2 mg/kg soil Cd were safe and healthy (, Carcinogenetic Risk <1E-6, Target Hazard Quotient <1). Therefore, this research, for the first time, showed that using nature-based combined soil bacteria strains, we can create vertical green systems with double functionality: pollution remediation and healthy marigold flower production in cadmium-contaminated soils of up to 2 mg/kg.
期刊介绍:
Ecological engineering has been defined as the design of ecosystems for the mutual benefit of humans and nature. The journal is meant for ecologists who, because of their research interests or occupation, are involved in designing, monitoring, or restoring ecosystems, and can serve as a bridge between ecologists and engineers.
Specific topics covered in the journal include: habitat reconstruction; ecotechnology; synthetic ecology; bioengineering; restoration ecology; ecology conservation; ecosystem rehabilitation; stream and river restoration; reclamation ecology; non-renewable resource conservation. Descriptions of specific applications of ecological engineering are acceptable only when situated within context of adding novelty to current research and emphasizing ecosystem restoration. We do not accept purely descriptive reports on ecosystem structures (such as vegetation surveys), purely physical assessment of materials that can be used for ecological restoration, small-model studies carried out in the laboratory or greenhouse with artificial (waste)water or crop studies, or case studies on conventional wastewater treatment and eutrophication that do not offer an ecosystem restoration approach within the paper.