FBG-based force sensing with temperature self-compensation for smart bolts

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2024.115872

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Small variations in bolt component connection can have significant impacts on equipment operating safety and efficiency. A comprehensive understanding of the bolted status supports the equipment optimizing in in-situ health monitoring. Therefore, an improved bolt force measurement method is looking forward. Given the minimally invasive nature, potential for multi-parameter measuring, and ability to operate in harsh conditions, optic fiber sensors present an opportunity for equipment in-situ health monitoring. This paper first strengthened the confidence in embedding optic fiber force sensors within the bolts. Additionally, the FBG temperature self-compensation method is employed and successfully improved the force measurement accuracy, compared with the existing studies. The smart bolt configuration (addictively manufactured) refers to the standard bolt dimensions and integrates a metallized FBG optical fiber with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm. Then, the sensor performance was investigated through a series of routine mechanics tests and reports the force sensitivity of the designed smart bolt is 13.06 pm/kN (for M10 bolts) and 14.59 pm/kN (for M12 bolts), respectively. In dynamic force loading tests, the error of the sensor is within 4.95 %, and the maximum force detection error after temperature compensation is within 8.03 %, indicating an improved bolt force measuring accuracy. The anti-creep and anti-torque interference tests were undertaken to confirm the designed smart bolts are adequate for long-term service. The bolt vibration and connection test results have proved the mechanical solidity and reliability under extreme working conditions. This investigation confirms the viability of installing optic fiber force sensors in a bolt component. Confidence was established that the smart bolts have the advantages of compact structure, improved force detection accuracy, good reliability, and support for modern equipment in-situ health monitoring.

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基于 FBG 的力传感技术，用于智能螺栓的温度自我补偿

螺栓部件连接的微小变化都会对设备的运行安全和效率产生重大影响。全面了解螺栓连接状态有助于在现场健康监测中优化设备。因此，改进的螺栓力测量方法值得期待。鉴于光纤传感器的微创性、多参数测量的潜力以及在恶劣条件下工作的能力，光纤传感器为设备现场健康监测带来了机遇。本文首先增强了在螺栓内嵌入光纤力传感器的信心。此外，与现有研究相比，本文还采用了 FBG 温度自补偿方法，并成功提高了力测量精度。智能螺栓配置（瘾君子制造）参考了标准螺栓尺寸，并集成了直径小于 0.5 毫米的金属化 FBG 光纤。随后，通过一系列常规力学测试对传感器性能进行了研究，结果表明所设计的智能螺栓的力灵敏度分别为 13.06 pm/kN（M10 螺栓）和 14.59 pm/kN（M12 螺栓）。在动态力加载测试中，传感器的误差在 4.95 % 以内，温度补偿后的最大力检测误差在 8.03 % 以内，表明螺栓测力精度有所提高。抗蠕变和抗扭矩干扰测试证实了所设计的智能螺栓足以长期使用。螺栓振动和连接测试结果证明了其在极端工作条件下的机械稳固性和可靠性。这项调查证实了在螺栓部件中安装光纤力传感器的可行性。研究证实，智能螺栓具有结构紧凑、力检测精度高、可靠性好以及支持现代设备现场健康监测等优点。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...