Declining US dental amalgam restorations in US Food and Drug Administration–identified populations: 2017-2023

Abstract

Background

In light of the Minamata Convention on Mercury and efforts to phase down dental amalgam use, tracking dental amalgam proportions across US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–identified at-risk populations is of interest to optimize material selection aligned with patient needs.

Methods

A retrospective observational study of Epic’s Cosmos electronic health records data set was conducted to calculate the rates of dental amalgam restorations from 2017 through 2023 and stratified using the social vulnerability index (quartile 4 indicates the highest social vulnerability and quartile 1 indicates the lowest) and payer type (Medicare, Medicaid, self-pay, miscellaneous or other). The authors included the following FDA-identified at-risk populations: pregnant people, children younger than 6 years, people with preexisting neurologic conditions, and people with impaired kidney function (n = 1,897,976).

Results

The overall rate of dental amalgam restoration placements in the general population declined from 21.8% in 2017 to 4.1% in 2023. Dental amalgam restoration trends, according to social vulnerability index quartile and payer type, decreased consistently across all 4 evaluated populations. Of all the social vulnerability index quartiles, quartile 4, representing the most socially vulnerable group, had the smallest decrease in dental amalgam placement rates among the FDA-identified populations examined.

Conclusions

The study results showed a decreasing trend in dental amalgam restorations from 2017 through 2023 among FDA-identified populations, consistent with the Minamata Convention on Mercury directive for a phasedown in dental amalgam use. Notwithstanding improvements, lingering disparities persist among the most vulnerable population.

Practical Implications

Even within the groups identified as most vulnerable to harm, more targeted interventions and strategies are required to improve treatment among the most socially vulnerable.