Fabrication of anodic and atomic layer deposition-alumina coated titanium implants for effective osteointegration applications.

Pinar Alpaslan Erturk, Sevde Altuntas, Gulseren Irmak, Fatih Buyukserin
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Abstract

Biomimicking the chemical, mechanical, and topographical properties of bone on an implant model is crucial to obtain rapid and effective osteointegration, especially for the large-area fractures of the skeletal system. Titanium-based biomaterials are more frequently preferred in clinical use in such cases and coating these materials with oxide layers having chemical/nanotopographic properties to enhance osteointegration and implantation success rates has been studied for a long time. The objective of this study is to examine the high and rapid mineralization potential of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) coated and atomic layer deposition (ALD)-alumina coated titanium substrates on large deformation areas with difficult spontaneous healing. AAO-coated titanium (AAO@Ti) substrates were fabricated via anodization technique in different electrolytes and their osteogenic potential was analyzed by comparing them to the bare titanium surface as a control. In order to investigate the effect of the ionic characters gained by the surfaces through anodization, the oxidized nanotopographic substrates were additionally coated with an ultrathin alumina layer via ALD (ALD@AAO@Ti), which is a sensitive and conformal coating vapor deposition technique. Besides, a bare titanium sample was also coated with pure alumina by ALD (ALD@Ti) to investigate the effect of nanoscale surface morphology. XPS analysis after ALD coating showed that the ionic character of each surface fabricated by anodization was successfully suppressed. In vitro studies demonstrated that, among the substrates investigated, the mineralization capacity of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were highest when incubated on ALD-treated and bare AAO@Ti samples that were anodized in phosphoric acid (H3PO4_AAO@Ti and ALD@H3PO4_AAO@Ti). Mineralization on these substrates also increased consistently beginning from day 2 to day 21. Moreover, immunocytochemistry for osteopontin (OPN) demonstrated the highest expression for ALD@H3PO4_AAO@Ti, followed by the H3PO4_AAO@Ti sample. Consequently, it was observed that, although ALD treatment improves cellular characteristics on all samples, effective mineralization requires more than a simple ALD coating or the presence of a nanostructured topography. Overall, ALD@H3PO4_AAO@Ti substrates can be considered as an implant alternative with its enhanced osteogenic differentiation potential and rapid mineralization capacity.

制造阳极和原子层沉积氧化铝涂层钛植入体,以实现有效的骨整合应用。
在植入模型上对骨的化学、机械和地形特性进行生物模拟,对于获得快速有效的骨结合至关重要,尤其是对于骨骼系统的大面积骨折而言。钛基生物材料是临床上用于此类病例的首选材料,而在这些材料上涂覆具有化学/纳米地形特性的氧化层以增强骨结合和提高植入成功率的研究由来已久。本研究的目的是考察阳极氧化铝(AAO)涂层和原子层沉积(ALD)-氧化铝涂层钛基底在自发愈合困难的大变形区域的高快速矿化潜力。AAO 涂层钛(AAO@Ti)基板是在不同电解质中通过阳极氧化技术制成的,通过与作为对照的裸钛表面进行比较,分析了它们的成骨潜力。为了研究表面通过阳极氧化获得的离子特性的影响,还通过 ALD(ALD@AAO@Ti)技术在氧化后的纳米形貌基底上镀了一层超薄氧化铝层,这是一种灵敏的保形涂层气相沉积技术。此外,裸钛样品也通过 ALD 镀上了纯氧化铝层(ALD@Ti),以研究纳米级表面形貌的影响。ALD 镀膜后的 XPS 分析表明,阳极氧化法制造的每个表面的离子特性都被成功抑制。体外研究表明,在所研究的基底中,MG-63 骨肉瘤细胞在经 ALD 处理和在磷酸中阳极氧化的裸 AAO@Ti 样品(H3PO4_AAO@Ti 和 ALD@H3PO4_AAO@Ti)上的矿化能力最高。从第 2 天到第 21 天,这些基底上的矿化度也持续增加。此外,骨生成素(OPN)免疫细胞化学显示,ALD@H3PO4_AAO@Ti 的骨生成素表达量最高,其次是 H3PO4_AAO@Ti 样品。因此,虽然 ALD 处理能改善所有样品的细胞特性,但有效的矿化需要的不仅仅是简单的 ALD 涂层或纳米结构形貌。总之,ALD@H3PO4_AAO@钛基底具有增强的成骨分化潜力和快速矿化能力,可被视为植入物的替代品。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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