Cristel Archambaud, Natalia Nunez, Ronni A G da Silva, Kimberly A Kline, Pascale Serror
{"title":"<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>: an overlooked cell invader.","authors":"Cristel Archambaud, Natalia Nunez, Ronni A G da Silva, Kimberly A Kline, Pascale Serror","doi":"10.1128/mmbr.00069-24","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARY<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> are human pathobionts that exhibit a dual lifestyle as commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The pathogenic lifestyle is associated with specific conditions involving host susceptibility and intestinal overgrowth or the use of a medical device. Although the virulence of <i>E. faecium</i> appears to benefit from its antimicrobial resistance, <i>E. faecalis</i> is recognized for its higher pathogenic potential. <i>E. faecalis</i> has long been considered a predominantly extracellular pathogen; it adheres to and is taken up by a wide range of mammalian cells, albeit with less efficiency than classical intracellular enteropathogens. Carbohydrate structures, rather than proteinaceous moieties, are likely to be primarily involved in the adhesion of <i>E. faecalis</i> to epithelial cells. Consistently, few adhesins have been implicated in the adhesion of <i>E. faecalis</i> to epithelial cells. On the host side, very little is known about cognate receptors, except for the role of glycosaminoglycans during macrophage infection. Several lines of evidence indicate that <i>E. faecalis</i> internalization may involve a zipper-like mechanism as well as a macropinocytosis pathway. Conversely, <i>E. faecalis</i> can use several strategies to prevent engulfment in phagocytes. However, the bacterial and host mechanisms underlying cell infection by <i>E. faecalis</i> are still in their infancy. The most recent striking finding is the existence of an intracellular lifestyle where <i>E. faecalis</i> can replicate within a variety of host cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge of <i>E. faecalis</i>-host cell interactions and argue on the need for further mechanistic studies to prevent or reduce infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":18520,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11426025/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00069-24","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/9/6 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
SUMMARYEnterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are human pathobionts that exhibit a dual lifestyle as commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The pathogenic lifestyle is associated with specific conditions involving host susceptibility and intestinal overgrowth or the use of a medical device. Although the virulence of E. faecium appears to benefit from its antimicrobial resistance, E. faecalis is recognized for its higher pathogenic potential. E. faecalis has long been considered a predominantly extracellular pathogen; it adheres to and is taken up by a wide range of mammalian cells, albeit with less efficiency than classical intracellular enteropathogens. Carbohydrate structures, rather than proteinaceous moieties, are likely to be primarily involved in the adhesion of E. faecalis to epithelial cells. Consistently, few adhesins have been implicated in the adhesion of E. faecalis to epithelial cells. On the host side, very little is known about cognate receptors, except for the role of glycosaminoglycans during macrophage infection. Several lines of evidence indicate that E. faecalis internalization may involve a zipper-like mechanism as well as a macropinocytosis pathway. Conversely, E. faecalis can use several strategies to prevent engulfment in phagocytes. However, the bacterial and host mechanisms underlying cell infection by E. faecalis are still in their infancy. The most recent striking finding is the existence of an intracellular lifestyle where E. faecalis can replicate within a variety of host cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge of E. faecalis-host cell interactions and argue on the need for further mechanistic studies to prevent or reduce infections.
期刊介绍:
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (MMBR), a journal that explores the significance and interrelationships of recent discoveries in various microbiology fields, publishes review articles that help both specialists and nonspecialists understand and apply the latest findings in their own research. MMBR covers a wide range of topics in microbiology, including microbial ecology, evolution, parasitology, biotechnology, and immunology. The journal caters to scientists with diverse interests in all areas of microbial science and encompasses viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, unicellular eukaryotes, and microbial parasites. MMBR primarily publishes authoritative and critical reviews that push the boundaries of knowledge, appealing to both specialists and generalists. The journal often includes descriptive figures and tables to enhance understanding. Indexed/Abstracted in various databases such as Agricola, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents- Life Sciences, EMBASE, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Illustrata, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science), Summon, and Scopus, among others.