Enterococcus faecalis: an overlooked cell invader.

IF 8 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Pub Date : 2024-09-26 Epub Date: 2024-09-06 DOI:10.1128/mmbr.00069-24
Cristel Archambaud, Natalia Nunez, Ronni A G da Silva, Kimberly A Kline, Pascale Serror
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Abstract

SUMMARYEnterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are human pathobionts that exhibit a dual lifestyle as commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The pathogenic lifestyle is associated with specific conditions involving host susceptibility and intestinal overgrowth or the use of a medical device. Although the virulence of E. faecium appears to benefit from its antimicrobial resistance, E. faecalis is recognized for its higher pathogenic potential. E. faecalis has long been considered a predominantly extracellular pathogen; it adheres to and is taken up by a wide range of mammalian cells, albeit with less efficiency than classical intracellular enteropathogens. Carbohydrate structures, rather than proteinaceous moieties, are likely to be primarily involved in the adhesion of E. faecalis to epithelial cells. Consistently, few adhesins have been implicated in the adhesion of E. faecalis to epithelial cells. On the host side, very little is known about cognate receptors, except for the role of glycosaminoglycans during macrophage infection. Several lines of evidence indicate that E. faecalis internalization may involve a zipper-like mechanism as well as a macropinocytosis pathway. Conversely, E. faecalis can use several strategies to prevent engulfment in phagocytes. However, the bacterial and host mechanisms underlying cell infection by E. faecalis are still in their infancy. The most recent striking finding is the existence of an intracellular lifestyle where E. faecalis can replicate within a variety of host cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge of E. faecalis-host cell interactions and argue on the need for further mechanistic studies to prevent or reduce infections.

粪肠球菌:被忽视的细胞入侵者
摘要粪肠球菌和粪肠球菌是人类致病菌,表现出共生菌和致病菌的双重生活方式。致病生活方式与宿主易感性、肠道过度生长或使用医疗设备等特定条件有关。虽然粪肠球菌的致病力似乎得益于其对抗菌素的耐药性,但粪肠球菌因其较高的致病潜力而得到公认。长期以来,粪肠球菌一直被认为是一种以细胞外为主的病原体;它能粘附并被多种哺乳动物细胞吸收,尽管其效率低于传统的细胞内肠道致病菌。粪肠球菌粘附上皮细胞的主要作用可能是碳水化合物结构,而不是蛋白质分子。粪肠埃希氏菌与上皮细胞的粘附过程中很少涉及粘附素。在宿主方面,除了糖胺聚糖在巨噬细胞感染过程中的作用外,人们对同源受体知之甚少。一些证据表明,粪肠球菌的内化可能涉及一种类似拉链的机制以及一种巨细胞吞噬途径。相反,粪肠球菌也可以使用多种策略来阻止吞噬细胞的吞噬。然而,粪肠球菌感染细胞的细菌和宿主机制仍处于起步阶段。最新的惊人发现是存在一种细胞内生活方式,粪肠球菌可在各种宿主细胞内复制。在这篇综述中,我们总结并讨论了目前有关粪肠球菌与宿主细胞相互作用的知识,并认为有必要开展进一步的机制研究,以预防或减少感染。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
18.80
自引率
0.80%
发文量
27
期刊介绍: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (MMBR), a journal that explores the significance and interrelationships of recent discoveries in various microbiology fields, publishes review articles that help both specialists and nonspecialists understand and apply the latest findings in their own research. MMBR covers a wide range of topics in microbiology, including microbial ecology, evolution, parasitology, biotechnology, and immunology. The journal caters to scientists with diverse interests in all areas of microbial science and encompasses viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, unicellular eukaryotes, and microbial parasites. MMBR primarily publishes authoritative and critical reviews that push the boundaries of knowledge, appealing to both specialists and generalists. The journal often includes descriptive figures and tables to enhance understanding. Indexed/Abstracted in various databases such as Agricola, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents- Life Sciences, EMBASE, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Illustrata, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science), Summon, and Scopus, among others.
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