{"title":"Breaking Barriers in Alzheimer’s Disease: the Role of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems","authors":"Devank Shekho, Ritika Mishra, Raj Kamal, Rohit Bhatia, Ankit Awasthi","doi":"10.1208/s12249-024-02923-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by cognitive impairment, brain plaques, and tangles, is a global health concern affecting millions. It involves the build-up of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins, the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic system dysfunction, genetic variations, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Various signaling pathways and metabolic processes are implicated in AD, along with numerous biomarkers used for diagnosis, risk assessment, and research. Despite these, there is no cure or effective treatment for AD. It is critically important to address this immediately to develop novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) capable of targeting the brain and delivering therapeutic agents to modulate the pathological processes of AD. This review summarizes AD, its pathogenesis, related signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, the need for NDDS, and their application in AD treatment. It also covers preclinical, clinical, and ongoing trials, patents, and marketed AD formulations.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":3,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Electronic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ACS Applied Electronic Materials","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1208/s12249-024-02923-6","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by cognitive impairment, brain plaques, and tangles, is a global health concern affecting millions. It involves the build-up of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins, the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic system dysfunction, genetic variations, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Various signaling pathways and metabolic processes are implicated in AD, along with numerous biomarkers used for diagnosis, risk assessment, and research. Despite these, there is no cure or effective treatment for AD. It is critically important to address this immediately to develop novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) capable of targeting the brain and delivering therapeutic agents to modulate the pathological processes of AD. This review summarizes AD, its pathogenesis, related signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, the need for NDDS, and their application in AD treatment. It also covers preclinical, clinical, and ongoing trials, patents, and marketed AD formulations.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）以认知障碍、脑斑块和纠结为特征，是影响数百万人的全球性健康问题。它涉及淀粉样蛋白-β（Aβ）和 tau 蛋白的堆积、神经uritic 斑块和神经纤维缠结的形成、胆碱能系统功能障碍、基因变异和线粒体功能障碍。各种信号通路和代谢过程都与注意力缺失症有关，同时还有许多生物标志物用于诊断、风险评估和研究。尽管如此，目前仍无法治愈或有效治疗注意力缺失症。当务之急是立即解决这一问题，开发出新型给药系统 (NDDS)，能够以大脑为靶点，输送治疗药物以调节注意力缺失症的病理过程。本综述概述了AD、其发病机制、相关信号通路、生物标志物、传统治疗方法、对NDDS的需求及其在AD治疗中的应用。它还涵盖了临床前、临床和正在进行的试验、专利和已上市的 AD 制剂。
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