Drop breakup in bag regime under the impulsive condition

Abstract

This study experimentally investigates the spatiotemporal evolution and associated local instabilities of a drop subjected to a weak shock wave. The front and side views of the drop are captured to understand its three-dimensional evolution and breakup. The interaction of shock causes the windward side of the drop to compress and generate a surface wave over it. Its temporal amplification is found to be governed by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The core of the deformed drop expands in a stream-wise direction, forming a Rayleigh–Taylor instability-driven bag structure. Consistent pressure gradients across the bag cause its continuous elongation until the pressure gradient overcomes the surface tension. This continuous elongation leads the sheet to undergo kinematic thinning, which causes the sheet to destabilize and nucleate the hole. This hole recedes and gathers liquid from upstream to thicken its interface, called the bag rim. The accelerating receding motion of the bag rim triggers Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and the corrugation that forms over it grows into ligaments and destabilizes to shed droplets through end pinching and ligament merging. Additionally, the accelerating rim undergoes radial expansion, with its further destabilization governed by the coupled effect of Rayleigh–Taylor and Rayleigh–Plateau instabilities, as well as the collision of the receding bag rim. This leads to the formation of corrugations, which grow into ligaments and further destabilize to shed drops via end pinching. Nonlinear effects dominate ligament dynamics and increase with the Weber number. The asymmetric ejection of the daughter drop from the rim causes it to evolve into a bag, undergoing tertiary breakup.