Yin Zhao , Zunqiu Xu , Xiaomin Mao , Sien Li , Xingchao Qi , Jiangang Che
{"title":"Influence of film color, mulching ratio and soil–mulch contact degree on heat transfer in Northwest China","authors":"Yin Zhao , Zunqiu Xu , Xiaomin Mao , Sien Li , Xingchao Qi , Jiangang Che","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110208","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of diverse mulching factors on crop growth depends on their influences on heat transfer, while the precise effects of these factors on heat transfer remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we employed the CropSMPAC model to simulate energy fluxes and soil temperature under varying mulching conditions. Our study integrated a soil column experiment and a three–year field experiment. The soil column experiment encompassed 13 treatments, incorporating 3 plastic film colors, i.e., transparent film (TM), black film (BM), and silver–grey film (GM), and 2 mulching ratios (<em>f</em><sub>m</sub>), i.e., 100 % and 75 %, as well as 2 distances between soil and film (<em>Z</em><sub>sm</sub>), i.e., 0 and 5 mm, along with a control treatment (no mulching). The filed experiment comprised 2 treatments, i.e., film mulching (FM) and no mulching (NM), utilizing TM with a <em>f</em><sub>m</sub> of 97.98 % and <em>Z</em><sub>sm</sub> of 5 mm under FM condition. Results demonstrated the robust performance of the CropSMPAC model in predicting hourly soil surface temperature, hourly soil temperature in the night at 10 cm depth, daily soil water content at 10 cm depth across varying mulching scenarios. Furthermore, the model aptly captured soil temperature, net radiation flux (<em>R</em><sub>n</sub>) and soil heat flux (<em>G</em>) during the maize growth stages under both FM and NM conditions. For daily soil temperature at 10 cm depth, the root mean square error (RMSE) were 1.71 and 2.71 °C, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) were 0.79 and 0.55, and determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) were 0.76 and 0.75 for FM and NM, respectively. Corresponding values for daily <em>R</em><sub>n</sub> were 37.3 and 42.7 W m<sup>–2</sup> (RMSE), 0.56 and 0.47 (NSE), and 0.72 and 0.66 (R<sup>2</sup>), they were 8.5 and 6.9 W m<sup>–2</sup> (RMSE), 0.44 and 0.56 (NSE), and 0.62 and 0.72 (R<sup>2</sup>) for daily <em>G</em>. Both measurements and simulations revealed that TM increased soil temperature in the daytime and night. In contrast, BM and GM raised soil temperature only in the night. The soil temperature under <em>f</em><sub>m</sub> of 100 % was higher than under <em>f</em><sub>m</sub> of 75 % for both TM and BM. Film mulching with <em>Z</em><sub>sm</sub> of 5 mm contributed to an increase in soil temperature compared with <em>Z</em><sub>sm</sub> of 0 mm for TM, while led to a reduction for BM. Additionally, a dense crop canopy helped mitigate the fluctuations in <em>G</em> and soil temperature, and the warming effect of plastic film mulching also weakened with the increase of canopy coverage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192324003216","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"AGRONOMY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The impact of diverse mulching factors on crop growth depends on their influences on heat transfer, while the precise effects of these factors on heat transfer remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we employed the CropSMPAC model to simulate energy fluxes and soil temperature under varying mulching conditions. Our study integrated a soil column experiment and a three–year field experiment. The soil column experiment encompassed 13 treatments, incorporating 3 plastic film colors, i.e., transparent film (TM), black film (BM), and silver–grey film (GM), and 2 mulching ratios (fm), i.e., 100 % and 75 %, as well as 2 distances between soil and film (Zsm), i.e., 0 and 5 mm, along with a control treatment (no mulching). The filed experiment comprised 2 treatments, i.e., film mulching (FM) and no mulching (NM), utilizing TM with a fm of 97.98 % and Zsm of 5 mm under FM condition. Results demonstrated the robust performance of the CropSMPAC model in predicting hourly soil surface temperature, hourly soil temperature in the night at 10 cm depth, daily soil water content at 10 cm depth across varying mulching scenarios. Furthermore, the model aptly captured soil temperature, net radiation flux (Rn) and soil heat flux (G) during the maize growth stages under both FM and NM conditions. For daily soil temperature at 10 cm depth, the root mean square error (RMSE) were 1.71 and 2.71 °C, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) were 0.79 and 0.55, and determination coefficient (R2) were 0.76 and 0.75 for FM and NM, respectively. Corresponding values for daily Rn were 37.3 and 42.7 W m–2 (RMSE), 0.56 and 0.47 (NSE), and 0.72 and 0.66 (R2), they were 8.5 and 6.9 W m–2 (RMSE), 0.44 and 0.56 (NSE), and 0.62 and 0.72 (R2) for daily G. Both measurements and simulations revealed that TM increased soil temperature in the daytime and night. In contrast, BM and GM raised soil temperature only in the night. The soil temperature under fm of 100 % was higher than under fm of 75 % for both TM and BM. Film mulching with Zsm of 5 mm contributed to an increase in soil temperature compared with Zsm of 0 mm for TM, while led to a reduction for BM. Additionally, a dense crop canopy helped mitigate the fluctuations in G and soil temperature, and the warming effect of plastic film mulching also weakened with the increase of canopy coverage.
期刊介绍:
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology is an international journal for the publication of original articles and reviews on the inter-relationship between meteorology, agriculture, forestry, and natural ecosystems. Emphasis is on basic and applied scientific research relevant to practical problems in the field of plant and soil sciences, ecology and biogeochemistry as affected by weather as well as climate variability and change. Theoretical models should be tested against experimental data. Articles must appeal to an international audience. Special issues devoted to single topics are also published.
Typical topics include canopy micrometeorology (e.g. canopy radiation transfer, turbulence near the ground, evapotranspiration, energy balance, fluxes of trace gases), micrometeorological instrumentation (e.g., sensors for trace gases, flux measurement instruments, radiation measurement techniques), aerobiology (e.g. the dispersion of pollen, spores, insects and pesticides), biometeorology (e.g. the effect of weather and climate on plant distribution, crop yield, water-use efficiency, and plant phenology), forest-fire/weather interactions, and feedbacks from vegetation to weather and the climate system.