P-doped carbon dot nano-probe for inner filter effect–based determination of sarecycline in pharmaceutical dosage form and human plasma

Abstract

Based on novel phosphorus-doped carbon dots (PCDs), a simple, quick, and accurate fluorescence probe for sarecycline (SAR) determination has been created. The PCDs were prepared in just five minutes using green, straightforward one-step microwave pyrolysis. To create the PCD probe, sodium phosphate monobasic was utilized as a phosphorus dopant and citric acid as a carbon supply. The proposed synthesis method was energy efficient and yielded CDs with a narrow particle size distribution. Based on inner-filter effect mechanism, the generated PCDs were used as nano-probe for SAR determination. The fluorescence quenching intensity showed a strong linear relationship with SAR concentration in the 3–90-μM range with a detection limit of 0.88 μM. Because there is no surface alteration of the CDs or creation of a covalent bond between SAR and PCDs, the developed approach is quick, easy, inexpensive, and requires less time. The new probe's enhanced sensitivity, broad linear range, and acceptable selectivity made it suitable for SAR measurement in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human plasma. Most importantly, the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) assessments showed that the suggested method was environmentally friendly.