Seasonal variation in airborne microbial communities of the Akiyoshido Cave: Lampenflora dispersed by phototrophic bioaerosols

IF 4.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Teruya Maki , Ayano Hirao , Ryo Yamasaki , Keiichiro Hara , Yoshiro Ishihara
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Abstract

Lampenflora, such as phototrophic microorganisms, multiply on speleothem surfaces under the show-cave lighting, causing deterioration of the natural and cultural heritages of the caves. Speleothems change color from white to green through microbial photosynthesis and are destroyed by microbial metabolisms. Aerosol transmission are suspected to disperses photosynthetic microorganisms. However, the mechanism underlying the process remains unclear, because the complexity of air ventilation affects the cave atmosphere. In the present study, we collected aerosol samples from the Akiyoshido Cave, which is a special natural monument in Japan and possesses various types of speleothems, to analyze microbial concentrations and communities in the cave atmosphere. Under a fluorescence microscope, phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms were observed in the aerosols with in the cave. The aerosol concentrations showed seasonal changes depending on air-flow variations in cave ventilation. High-throughput DNA sequencing targeting 16S rRNA genes revealed that the airborne bacterial communities inside the cave were dominated by members of the phyla Actinomycetota, Bacillota, and Pseudomonadota, originating from the external terrestrial, phyllosphere or freshwater environments, as well as its interior (guano). Cyanobacteria showed small relative abundances (from 1.0 to 10%) randomly in the aerosol samples at several locations in the cave, suggesting that the lampenflora-derived cyanobacteria were dispersed throughout the cave by the ventilation. Additionally, phototrophic microorganisms closely related to the relatives of the genera Leptolyngbya, Calothrix, and Chroococcidiopsis from the phylum Cyanobacteria were isolated from the aerosol samples. These results confirm that Cyanobacteria are one of the candidate microorganisms responsible for lampenflora dispersion and are “alive and airborne” in caves.

Abstract Image

秋芳洞空气中微生物群落的季节性变化:光养生物气溶胶散播的灯草菌群
在洞穴表演灯光的照射下,光生微生物等光生植物在岩洞表面繁殖,导致洞穴的自然和文化遗产退化。通过微生物的光合作用,岩浆的颜色从白色变为绿色,并被微生物的新陈代谢破坏。气溶胶传播被怀疑散布了光合作用微生物。然而,由于通风的复杂性会影响洞穴的大气,因此这一过程的内在机制仍不清楚。在本研究中,我们从拥有各种类型洞穴的日本特别天然纪念物秋芳洞采集气溶胶样本,分析洞穴大气中的微生物浓度和群落。在荧光显微镜下,在洞穴气溶胶中观察到了光养微生物和异养微生物。气溶胶浓度随洞穴通风气流的变化而呈现季节性变化。以 16S rRNA 基因为目标的高通量 DNA 测序显示,洞穴内的气载细菌群落主要由放线菌门、芽孢杆菌门和假单胞菌门的成员组成,它们来自外部陆地、植物圈或淡水环境以及洞穴内部(鸟粪)。蓝藻在洞穴中多个位置的气溶胶样本中随机出现,相对丰度较小(从 1.0% 到 10% 不等),这表明灯藻产生的蓝藻通过通风散布到洞穴各处。此外,从气溶胶样本中还分离出了与蓝藻门中的 Leptolyngbya 属、Calothrix 属和 Chroococcidiopsis 属亲缘关系密切的光营养微生物。这些结果证实,蓝细菌是造成灯菌散播的候选微生物之一,并且在洞穴中 "活着,在空气中传播"。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
9.60
自引率
10.40%
发文量
107
审稿时长
21 days
期刊介绍: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation publishes original research papers and reviews on the biological causes of deterioration or degradation.
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