Effects of Peromyscus spp. (Rodentia: Cricetidae) presence, land use, and ecotone on Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) ecology in an emergent area for tick-borne disease.

Griffin M Dill, Thomas F Rounsville, Ann M Bryant, Eleanor Groden, Allison M Gardner
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Abstract

As the range of Ixodes scapularis Say expands, host abundance and land use can play important roles in regions where ticks and their associated pathogens are emerging. Small mammal hosts serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens, with Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque often considered a primary reservoir. A sympatric species Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner is also a competent reservoir and is notoriously difficult to differentiate from P. leucopus. Anthropogenic land use can alter host and habitat availability, potentially changing tick exposure risk. We tested the hypotheses that tick infestation and pathogen prevalence differ between the two Peromyscus spp. and that host-seeking I. scapularis density and pathogen prevalence differ across land use and ecotone gradients. We live trapped small mammals and collected ticks across 3 land-use classifications and ecotones in Maine, an emergent area for tick-borne disease. We tested each small mammal and tick sample for Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti. While both Peromyscus spp. serve as hosts for immature ticks, P. leucopus exhibited a higher tick infestation frequency and intensity. We did not detect any significant difference in pathogen infection prevalence between the two species. The density of I. scapularis nymphs and the density of infected nymphs did not differ significantly between land-use types, though did differ across ecotones. We also noted a significant north/south gradient, with higher tick densities and pathogen prevalence at the southern end of the study area. Our study highlights the potential variability in tick density and pathogen prevalence across fine spatial scales within an emerging region for tick-borne disease.

啮齿目啮齿动物(Peromyscus spp.)(Rodentia: Cricetidae)的存在、土地利用和生态区对蜱传疾病高发区 Ixodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae)生态的影响。
随着 Ixodes scapularis Say 的分布范围不断扩大,在蜱及其相关病原体出现的地区,宿主的丰度和土地利用可能会起到重要作用。小型哺乳动物宿主是蜱传病原体的储库,其中 Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque 通常被认为是主要的储库。同域物种 Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner 也是一个合格的贮藏库,而且很难与 P. leucopus 区分开来。人类活动造成的土地使用会改变宿主和栖息地的可用性,从而可能改变蜱虫暴露风险。我们对以下假设进行了检验:蜱虫侵扰和病原体流行在两种Peromyscus属之间存在差异,而在不同的土地利用和生态梯度上,寻找宿主的I. scapularis密度和病原体流行也存在差异。我们在缅因州(蜱传疾病的高发区)的 3 个土地利用分类和生态区域活体诱捕小型哺乳动物并收集蜱虫。我们对每只小型哺乳动物和蜱虫样本进行了布氏杆菌、噬细胞嗜血杆菌和细小巴贝西亚原虫检测。虽然两种鲈形目动物都是未成熟蜱虫的宿主,但白头鲈的蜱虫侵扰频率和强度更高。我们没有发现这两种动物的病原体感染率有任何明显差异。在不同土地利用类型之间,恙螨若虫的密度和受感染若虫的密度没有明显差异,但在不同生态区之间存在差异。我们还注意到一个明显的南北梯度,研究区南端的蜱虫密度和病原体流行率较高。我们的研究强调了在一个蜱传疾病的新兴地区,蜱虫密度和病原体流行率在细微空间尺度上的潜在变化。
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